Personalized nutrition

At the same time, it is necessary to realize, as Faulks and Southon (2008) have noted recently, that an increased intake of nutraceuticals via foods may not simply confer specific health benefits. In addition, there may be a more general effect of stimulating changes in homeostasis, which may cumulatively confer health benefits. Furthermore, some other factors, such as individual human variation, gender, age and lifestyle, must also be considered, both in relation to personalized nutrition and in order to identify requirements of specific subgroups for healthy eating . 

Vakili S, Caudill MA. Personalized nutrition Nutritional genomics as a potential tool for targeted medical nutrition therapy. NutrRev. 2007, 65 301-315. 

While nutritional advice from public health authorities is getting more specific for subpopulations, it is still a long way from one of the claimed ultimate goals of personalized nutrition to tailor dietary advice for the individual to optimally achieve a lifestyle goal based on diet. To date, commercialized... 

Varma, V. Kaput, J. In Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics in Functional Foods and Personalized Nutrition Ferguson, L. R., Ed. CRC Press Boca Raton, 2014. 

The personalized nutrition lesson from this smdy is that while wdght control is important for mediating insulin sensitivity and redndng CVD risk, weight control may be particularly important for male carriers of the APOE4 allele to prevent increased fasting insuhn and glucose (both risk factors for diabetes). 

Nutrigenetics can be considered as a subset of nutrigenomics and aims to clarify the different responses of the allelic variations in human DNA to the bioactive food components. While nutrigenomics helps for an optimal diet, nutrigenetics identifies the optimal diet for a given individual, i.e., a personalized nutrition [5]. 

This could answer to two different needs, one related to the extension of the use of nutraceutical compounds in foodstuff to increase the content of nutrients with beneficial effects on human health, the other related to the design of novel foods tailored to fulfil peculiar dietetic requirements, namely, able to overcome specific problems related to the lack of essential nutrients in the diet of the population of certain countries and/or able to answer the demand for personalized nutrition of groups of the population as young or elder people. 

Razquin C, Marti A, Martinez JA. Evidences on three relevant obesogenes MC4R, FTO and PPARgamma. Approaches for personalized nutrition. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011 55(1) 136—149. 

Ingestion of chloroform is followed immediately by a severe burning in the mouth and throat, pain in the chest and abdomen, and vomiting. Loss of consciousness and Hver injury may foUow depending on the amount swallowed. The tendency of chloroform to produce Hver injury is significantly augmented in alcohoHcs and persons with nutritional deficiencies. 

The ACGIH recommended maximum time-weighted average concentration in the workplace atmosphere for eight-hour daily exposure is 10 ppm. OSHA has set the permissible exposure level at 2 ppm. It maybe desirable to exclude alcohoHcs, persons with chronic disorders of the Hver, kidneys, and central nervous system, and those with nutritional deficiencies from working with chloroform. 

Adapted from Jane Brody Jana Brody s Nutrition Book A Lifetime Guide to Good Eating for Better Health ami Weight Control by the Personal Health Columnist for the NewYorklimes. Norton, New York, 1981. 

Alimentary biotin deficiency is rare. It may, however, occur in patients on long-term parenteral nutrition lacking biotin or in persons who frequently consume raw egg white. Raw egg white contains a biotin-binding glycoprotein, called avidin, which renders biotin biologically unavailable. Pharmacological doses of the vitamin (1-10 mg/d) are then used to treat deficiency symptoms. There are no reports of toxicity for daily oral doses up to 200 mg and daily intravenous doses of up to 20 mg [2]. 

A susceptible population will exhibit a different or enhanced response to methyl parathion than will most persons exposed to the same level of methyl parathion in the environment. Reasons may include genetic makeup, age, health and nutritional status, and exposure to other toxic substances (e g., cigarette smoke). These parameters result in reduced detoxification or excretion of methyl parathion, or compromised fimction of organs affected by methyl parathion. Populations who are at greater risk due to their imusually high exposure to methyl parathion are discussed in Section 6.7 Populations With Potentially High Exposures. 

The prevalence of obesity in older adults is increasing therefore, it should not be surprising that more cardiovascular risk factors are present in this group of individuals. Additionally, obesity is a major predictor of functional limitation and mobility problems in older persons. Age alone should not prejudice the clinician from treating geriatric patients, whereas the benefits of cardiovascular health and functionality should be considered. Treatments should be initiated that minimize adverse effects on bone health and nutritional status and should include dietary and activity modifications.6... 

Learning how to read nutrition labels (Figure 8.1). This can help a person determine how many calories a particular food item has and also understand how much fat, carbohydrate, and protein is contained in a food. 

DF is a major constituent of plant foods, and its importance in nutrition and health is widely recognized. Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies have addressed the role of DF in intestinal health and in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer, obesity, and diabetes (Sungsoo Cho and Dreher 2001 Spiller 2005). The recommended daily intake of DF is 25-30 g/person (Lunn and Buttriss 2007). 

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