Personal control model

These later studies that manipulated the outcome of a task illustrated a potential overlap between optimism, self-efficacy, and personal control. It is reasonable to assume performance feedback increases one s perception of self-efficacy and personal control, as well as one s optimism. Indeed, Scheier and Carver s (1985) measure of optimism correlated significantly with locus of control. Optimism, self-efficacy, and personal control determine feelings of empowerment, according to the actively caring model. Thus, these performance-feedback studies support the general hypothesis that we can increase the chances for active caring by boosting individual perceptions of empowerment. 

I am sure you can see the strong connection between the emotional intelligence concept and the actively caring model discussed previously. Each of the actively caring person states—self-esteem, self-efficacy, personal control, optimism, and belonging—reflect an aspect of emotional intelligence, as conceptualized by Goleman (1995,1998). 

FIGURE 5.1 Hierarchy of hazard controls for the management of risk. The hierarchy of controls model depicts strategies to reduce risk, with the most effective at the top and the least effective at the bottom. PPE refers to personal protective equipment. 

Another common approach is to use an information-processing model to classify human errors. The classification models the information processing which occurs when a person operates and controls complex systems such as processing plants. One such classification (Rouse and Rouse, 1983) identifies six steps in information processing. Exhibit 6.1 lists the six steps, and provides some examples of errors that can occur at each of these steps. 

Hawthorne, A., et al. (1987) Models for estimating organic emissions from building materials formaldehyde example. Atmos. Environ. 21, No. 2. Lewis, R. G., et al. (1986) Monitoring for non-occupational exposure to pesticides in indoor and personal respiratory air. Presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Minneapolis, MN. 

In the alchemical model of spiritual transformation, a holy person is one who has gone through all the lower stages calcination (burning out the egos control), dissolution... 

A different model for arms bearing is found in varying degrees in the city-states of ancient Greece and the Roman Republic. In a republic, a person who was entitled to a voice in how the state was run was also responsible for helping to defend it. But just who should control the weapons was subject to dispute. Plato believed that because the state needed to train its citizens for defense, the state should have a monopoly on arms. Citizens... 

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