Person model

One example of this is a personality model devised by Brinkman and Kirschner (1994). They assigned ten conflict personalihes tank, sniper, grenade, know-it-all, think-they-know-it-all, yes, maybe, nothing, no, and whiner. Each personality name indicates trademark characterishcs. Tips on managing each personality are given in the following. 

Toropov (1997) proposed a second conflict personality model a four square model that includes four main personality types the sharpshooter, the lone ranger, the professor, and the cheerleader (Table 8.3). Toropov suggests that by mirroring a personality to a specific personality type, you can more effectively manage conflicts with them. Following are scenarios that highlight characterishcs of each personality type. 

Fig. 1 (a) Expected population distribution along the El dimension for a type-based personality model, and (b) actual distribution of 2004 study respondent scores along the El dimension... 

These different concepts are variously described by different researchers as misconceptions, alternative conceptions, naive beliefs, erroneous ideas, multiple private versions of science, underlying sources of error, personal models of reality, spontaneous reasoning, developing conceptions, misunderstanding, mistakes, misinterpretation of facts, personal constructs and persistent pitfalls - to name just a few [4-10]. The authors will use the term misconceptions for the simple reason that researchers refer to it more often. 

Ensari, N., 8c Miller, N. (2006). The application of the personalization model in diversity management Group Process Intergroup Relations, 9, 589-607. 

Expert/formal auditory Personal model/facilitator/delegator... 

Expert/personal model/formal auditory Eacilitator/delegator... 

Expert/facilitator/personal model Eormal auditory/delegator... 

Expert/facilitator/delegator Eormal auditory/personal model... 

Grasha, A. (1994). A matter of style The teacher as expert, formal authority, personal model, facilitator and delegator. College Teaching, 42(4), 142-149. 

In daily life, errors are frequently attributed to stupidity, carelessness, forgetfulness, recklessness and other personal defects. The implication is that the person who makes an error has certain characteristics which produce the error and, furthermore, that these characteristics are under their control and they are therefore to blame for the errors they make. This is error seen from the individual perspective when applied to understanding accidents James Reason refers to this as the person model (Reason, 2000). 

Factor analysis also included item R5 "When an undesirable incident has occurred, people are more preoccupied with placing blame thanfinding the cause of the incident 0 a hypothesis is that organizations inclined to focus at the human as a cause, as in a person model (Reason, 2001), are also more inclined to react by adding more procedures, which may result in a procedural system difficult to relate to (P4 P5, Table 7). Factor structure matrix and loadings are presented in Table 10. 

Factor 1 indicates an interrelationship between the use of a person model in follow up (R5) and how easily the procedural system is comprehended (P4 P5, Table 10). In all, 25.7% perceive blame as more important than finding the cause of an incident (R5, Table 3), 22.1% find it difficult to know which procedures are applicable and 17.3% finds them difficult to understand or to be poorly written (P4 P5, Table 8). 

Reason (1997) made conclusion by presenting three approaches to safety assurance. These models for managing safety comprise the engineering model (T, technology), the organizational model (O) and the person model (P) (c.f. TOP) (Kjellen 2000 Luczak 1998 Reason 1997). 

Traditional emphasis on training of persons can be characterised with direct quotations by Reason (1997) The person model is exemplified by the traditional occupational safety approach. The main emphases are upon individual unsafe acts and personal injury accidents. It views people as free agents capable of choosing between safe and unsafe behaviour . In the person model The most widely used... 

Poets freedom after the Stalin period to think about Russia s catastrophic history saw the emergence of poems that assess larger patterns of violence and suffering. Akhmatova s late work Poem Without a Hero (1940-1962) created a personal model for such retrospective work, with its private, often... 

Very few personal models Some personal models Many personal models Finzel 2000... 

Horvitz, E., Koch, P., Apacible, J. BusyBody Creating and Fielding Personalized Models of the Cost of Interruption. In Proceedings of CSCW 04, pp. 507-510. ACM Press, New York (2004)... 

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