Peroxygen hydrogen peroxide

Peroxygens Hydrogen peroxide activity results from formation of free hydroxyl radicals ( OH) which oxidize thiol groups in enzymes and proteins Peracetic acid disrupts thiol groups in proteins and enzymes... 

Solid Peroxygen Compounds. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with many compounds, such as borates, carbonates, pyrophosphates, sulfates, sihcates, and a variety of organic carboxyHc acids, esters, and anhydrides to give peroxy compounds or peroxyhydrates. A number of these compounds are stable sohds that hydrolyze readily to give hydrogen peroxide in solution. 

Perbora.tes, Sodium perborate [7632-04-4] is the most widely used soHd peroxygen compound. Commercially it is available as a tetrahydrate [10486-00-7] and a monohydrate [10322-33-9]. The tetrahydrate is produced by treating a borax solution with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide ... 

Duplex (2) A process for making sodium perborate from both sodium peroxide and hydrogen peroxide. Developed in the United States from the 1920s and used until the development of the present process, which uses hydrogen peroxide as the only source of the peroxygen. See also Acid. 

Separate peroxygen bleaches, hydrogen peroxide, or its sources like sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate from water to prevent premature reaction, such as by suspending the solids between surfactant lamellae in the structured liquid. 

Draper WM, Crosby DG. Sensitive, enzyme-catalyzed chromogenic reagent for hydrogen peroxide and other peroxygen compounds on thin-layer chromatographic plates. J Chromatogr 1981 216 413—416. 

The peroxygen compounds, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid, have high killing activity and a broad spectrum against bacteria, spores, viruses, and fungi when used in appropriate concentration. They have the advantage that their decomposition products are not toxic and do not injure the environment. They are powerful oxidizers that are used primarily as disinfectants and sterilants. 

Product solutions or effluents of peroxygen reactions may contain variable amounts of unreacted peroxide, usually in the form of hydrogen peroxide, percarboxylic acids, and/or organic peroxide. For reasons related to safety, waste treatment or product stability, it is usually necessary to destroy unreacted peroxide species in the product solution or effluent prior to discharge or workup, and certainly before any product concentration process. The remainder of... 

By far the bulk of useful peroxygen chemistry has been discovered in the last 50 years, and many catalytic methods, described later, are even more recent. The low intrinsic reactivity of hydrogen peroxide is actually an advantage, since it... 

Other peroxygen species can also be photolytically cleaved to yield the hydroxyl radical and another radical centre. For example, homolysis of peroxymonosulfate (HOOSO3) generates OH and SO4-. The concentration of the generated hydroxyl radical can be controlled by variation of the wavelength and the intensity used. The photolysis of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of alcohol produces EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectra which indi-... 

Hydrogen peroxide, when supplied commercially, is usually stabilized with phosphates and tin(IV) materials. The tin compounds are effective at the product s natural pH via hydro-colloid formation, which adsorbs transition metals and reduces their catalytic activity. In the majority of cases, extra stabilization is not required when hydrogen peroxide or its derivatives are used in synthesis. Elevated temperatures and increased metal impurities all tend to destabilize peroxygens, and where such conditions are unavoidable, additional stabilizers may be employed, added either to the hydrogen peroxide or the reaction mixture separately. Stabilizer type falls into two categories seques-trants and radical scavengers. 

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