Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta

Polak, P. E., Kalinin, S., Dello Russo, C., Gavrilyuk, V., Sharp, A., Peters, J. M., Richardson, J., Willson, T. M., Weinberg, G., and Feinstein, D. L. (2005). Protective effects of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta agonist in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 168, 65—75. 

Boulanger, A., P. McLemore et al. (2003). Identification of beta-carotene 15,15 -monooxygenase as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor target gene. FASEB J. 17(10) 1304—1306. 

Ziouzenkova, O., G. Orasanu, G. Sukhova et al. 2007b. Asymmetric cleavage of beta-carotene yields a transcriptional repressor of retinoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor responses. Mol Endocrinol 21( 1) 77—88. 

Cui, Y., Lu, Z., Bai, L., Shi, Z., Zhao, W.E., and Zhao, B. 2007. Beta-carotene induces apoptosis and up-regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression and reactive oxygen species production in MCF-7 cancer cells. EurJ Cancer 43 2590-2601. 

Cristiano, F., Bernardo, A., and Ceru, M. P. (2001). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and peroxisomes in rat cortical and cerebellar astrocytes. J. Neurocytol. 30, 671—683. Cullingford, T. E., Bhakoo, K., Peuchen, S., Dolphin, C. T., Patel, R., and Clark, J. B. (1998). Distribution of mRNAs encoding the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, beta, and gamma and the retinoid X receptor alpha, beta, and gamma in rat central nervous system. J. Neurochem. 70, 1366-1375. 

Braissant, O., Foufelle, F., Scotto, C., Dauca, M., and Wahli, W. (1996). Differential Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) Tissue Distribution of PPAR-Alpha, -Beta, and -Gamma in the Adult Rat. Endocrinology 137, 354—366. 

Schmuth, M., Haqq, C.M., Cairns, W.J. et al., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-beta/delta stimulates differentiation and lipid accumulation in keratinocytes, J. Invest. Dermatol., 122, 971, 2004. 

Statins, used predominantly in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, act by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which regulates the synthesis of cholesterol. Statins are also agonists of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), which are part of the nuclear receptor superfamily and when activated, can suppress transcription of pro-inflammatory genes (Chinetti et al., 2000). In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that a decrease in serum cholesterol inhibits the production of beta amyloid and plaque (Simons et al., 1998 Fassbender et al.,... 

Camacho IE, Semeels L, Spittaels K, Merchiers P, Dominguez D, De Strooper B (2004) Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma induces a clearance mechanism for the amyloid-beta peptide. J Neurosci 24 10908-10917. 

Jia, Y, Qi, C., Zhang, Z., Hashimoto, T., Rao, M. S., Huyghe, S., Suzuki, Y, Van Veldhoven, P. P., Baes, M., and Reddy, J. K. (2003). Overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha)-regulated genes in liver in the absence of peroxisome proliferation in mice deficient in both L- and D-forms of enoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase enzymes of peroxisomal beta-oxidation system. J Biol Chem 278, 47232-47239. 

Vanden Heuvel, J. P., Thompson, J. T., Frame, S. R., and Gillies, P. J. (2006). Differential activation of nuclear receptors by perfluorinated fatty acid analogs and natural fatty acids a comparison of human, mouse, and rat peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, -beta, and -gamma, liver X receptor-beta, and retinoid X receptor-alpha. Toxicol Sci 92, 476-489. 

Reddy, J.K. and T. Hashimoto (2001). Peroxisomal beta-oxidation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha An adaptive metabolic system. Anna. Rev. Nutr. 21, 193-230. 

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