Peritoneal dialysis types

There are other type of solutions that are used for peritoneal dialysis, anticoagulant solution, bladder irrigation and certain dermatological solution intended for application to broken surface. 

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a type of dialysis in which dialysate is injected into the patient s peritoneal cavity with the peritoneum then employed as the dialysis membrane. It was first explored by Ganter in 1923 and initially showed poor results. The modern era of PD started in 1953, with intermittent... 

The most common type of peritoneal dialysis is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, during which a patient manually instills 2 to 3 L of dialysate four times a day. Other types include a variety of automated systems collectively termed automated peritoneal dialysis in which some of the daily dialysate exchanges (usually the overnight exchanges) are completed using an automated device. 

There are several types of peritoneal dialysis, of which CAPD... 

A special form of irrigations are solutions for dialysis that are necessary for the different types of dialysis such as haemodialysis, haemo(dia)filtration and peritoneal dialysis. 

In other advances, we see polymers and natural tissue in competition. For example, in small diameter blood vessel repair, the saphenous vein is still the best. However, we are now approaching the first human implantation of small diameter synthetic polymer vascular prostheses to help those patients who have no useable saphenous vein. The ball and disc type of heart valve prostheses are still not as good as the processed natural tissue porcine valve. Yet even here we use a polymeric or metal stint to support the porcine tissue. The artificial kidney has been miniaturized, but in terms of patient well-being it has improved very little since the 1940 s. Also, the A/V shunts have given way to A/V fistulas since we do not have good polymers for long-term access. Peritoneal dialysis is becoming a better dialysis procedure for the patient, primarily because of the improvement of a polymeric access to the peritoneal cavity. 

There are two common types of dialysis, the most common being hemodialysis. Hemodialysis removes wastes and water by circulating blood outside the body through an external dialyzer that acts as a filter and contains a semipermeable membrane. Peritoneal dialysis uses a peritoneal membrane inside the body to filter wastes and water from the blood. 

Hemodialysis (HD) catheter-associated bloodstream infections (BSls) are a type of CLABSI due to a central venous catheter (CVC) specifically designed for HD. In 2002, it was estimated that 50,000 CLABSIs occur in dialysis patients in the US annually. A more recent surveillance study found the rate of access-related BSIs to be 0.73 events per 100 patient-months [5]. Aside from catheters, patients in need of renal replacement therapy should eventually use arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or arteriovenous grafts (AVG) for HD, or alternatively, may receive peritoneal dialysis. All renal replacement therapies are associated with a risk of infection however, this risk varies with the method selected. Data from a CDC surveillance program display nicely how the type of access influences the BSI rate per 100 patient-months 0.5 (for AVFs), 0.9 (AVG), 4.2 (permanent CVCs), and an impressive 27.1 for temporary CVCs [6]. Another, more practi-... 

Tzamaloukas AH, Murata GH, Piraino B, Rao P, Bernardini J, Mahotra D et al. 1998. Peritoneal urea and creatinine clearance in continuous peritoneal dialysis patients with different types of peritoneal solute transport. Kidney Int-, 53 1405-1411. 

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