Perhydrol

Urea peroxohydrate is made commercially by Solvay Deutschland, Degussa (Germany), and Mitsubishi Gas Chemical. It is known commercially as urea hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide carbamide, Exterol, Hydroperit, Hydroperit, Hyperol, Orti2on, Percarbamid, Percarbamide, Perhydrit, Perhydrol-Urea, Thenardol, and UHP. In 1994 the U.K. price was J7—8/kg ( 10—12/kg). World production in 1993 was several hundred metric t. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Carbamide peroxide, Carbonyldiamine, Hydrogen peroxide carbamide, Percarbamide, Perhydrol-Urea, Urea hydrogen peroxide Chemical Formula ... 

Dipping solution Acids Make up 1 ml 30% hydrogen peroxide (Perhydrol ) to 100 ml with water [1],... 

A brand name of this reagent is Merck Perhydrol. 

Parabanic acid can be prepared by the condensation of urea with diethyl oxalate in an ethanolic solution of sodium ethoxide,2 by reaction of urea with an ethereal solution of oxalyl chloride,3 by oxidizing uric acid with an acid solution of perhydrol,4 or by the action of hot, concentrated nitric acid on uric acid.5 The present method gives better yields than the previously reported methods and is better adapted to larger-scale preparations. 

Perhydrol" (30%), obtained from Merck i Company, Inc., gave reproducible results without efforts to determine the activity of the peroxide. An excess Is used. 

Hyrdrogen peroxide in various percentages e.g. perhydrol (30% in water) and sodium peroxide (50% aqueous solution) are used as oxidizing agents to remove pigmentation of teeth. 

The nature of thioamide-iS-oxides and their role in the formation of 1,2,4-thiadiazoles have recently been studied in detail by Walter and his co-workers.27,29-32 Treatment of thioacetamide at —30 to —10° with perhydrol saturated with ammonium sulfate furnishes a 58% yield of crystalline thioacetamide-S-oxide, which if pure may be kept almost indefinitely at 0°.29 Thioformamide-iS-oxide, the parent compound of this series, is even more stable than the methyl homolog.81 The reaction between thioacetamide-nS-oxide and thioacetamide proceeds less readily than that involving the aromatic analogs in dilute sulfuric acid at room temperature, N-acetylthioacetamide (6%) is... 

The indolizine nucleus is readily oxidized. No N- oxides have been isolated so far. In the course of many oxidations, ring fission occurs. The reaction has therefore been used in the past for structural elucidation (B-66MI30800). Thus l-(4-nitrophenyl)indolizine on treatment with perhydrol and acetic acid gave picolinic acid N- oxide and 4-nitrobenzoic acid (Scheme 7). 

This method for determining arsenic is particularly useful in biological and toxicological studies.8 The material under test is oxidised with a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids and perhydrol, the arsenic is precipitated as sulphide, which is then oxidised and the arsenic determined colorimetrically after addition of sodium molybdate and stannous chloride. The formation of the molybdenum blue compound is also applied to the micro-determination of arsenic in soil extracts.9... 

Dibenzyl selenide gives an iodide when allowed to react with iodine in chloroform solution. Dinitrates are formed when nitric acid (density 1 4) acts upon diaryl selenides or upon their dibromides. The dihalides have their halogen removed by moist silver oxide, the hydroxides resulting. When sodium hydroxide is used they are transformed to the oxides, R2SeO, which also result when diaryl selenides are oxidised by 46 perhydrol. ... 

Diphenyl selenoxide, (C6H5)2SeO.—This oxide may be prepared in several ways (1) Diphenyl selenium dichloride is treated with sodium hydroxide.6 (2) Diphenyl selenium dibromide is allowed to react with sodium hydroxide.7 (3) 7 grams of diphenyl selenide are slowly treated with 10 c.c. of 46 perhydrol. 8 (4) Diphenyl selenoxide... 

Singh et al. have used perhydrol,3-heterocycle 253 as carbonyl equivalent for acid (TFA)-catalyzed dipyrro me thane 254 synthesis (Scheme 99) using only stoichiometric amounts of pyrrole/N-methyl pyrrole and products were obtained in good yield with formation of tripyrromethanes 255 (05T6614,05SC929). 

Among the great number of organic compounds known as stabilizers the following must be mentioned benzoic, salicylic, acetic and hippuric acids, phenacetin, naphtalene, oxalic acid, acetamide, urea etc. A combination of sodium pyrophosphate (0.5 to 1 g per 1.) and benzoic or sylicylic acid (0.4 g per 1.) is frequently used. This has particularly good results with peroxide for technical purposes. In pharmaceutical products the amount of pyrophosphate added is reduood and the amount of benzoic acid increased. For other purposes hippuric aoid (1 g per 1.) with a slight admixture of phosphoric acid is used as stabilizer. Perhydrol is the peroxide used for analytical purposes. It is redistilled three times in order to remove any impurities. This product requires no stabilizer. 

A ten-volume strength corresponds approximately to a 3 per cent, solution, and a twenty-volume strength to a 6 per cent. Perhydrol (p. 829) is practically a 30 per cent, solution corresponding to a one hundred-volume strength. 

After removal, larger organs and tissues are homogenized with Ultra-Turrax appliances (for instance from Ika, Staufen, Germany) after addition of deionized water, the amount of which depended on the consistency of the tissue. Smaller tissues are finely cut. The specimens are dissolved in volumetric flasks at 60-70 °C in Solvable (Packard BioScience B.V. Groningen Netherlands) and water. Ethanol is added if required to prevent foam formation. Addition of approx. 0.2 ml Perhydrol (Riedel de Haen, Seelze, F.R.G.) is sufficient to remove discolorations. Measurements are then performed after addition of the scintillator. 

If, however, a solution of potassium platinocyanide is treated with hydrogen peroxide (20-volume solution) acidulated with dilute sulphuric acid, potassium platinicyanide, KPt(CN)4, is obtained, united with three molecules of platinocyanide, thus 8K2Pt(CN)4.KPt(CN)4.6H20. Lithium platinocyanide is more readily oxidised in this manner, yielding 2Li2Pt(CN) 4. LiPt(CN)1 and if the hydrogen peroxide is replaced by Merck s pure perhydrol, complete oxidation to lithium platinicyanide, LiPt(CN)4, is obtained. 

T.ithliim Platinicyanide, LiPt(CN)4, is obtained as the copper-coloured double salt, LiPt(CN)4.2LiPt(CN)4, on warming hydrogen peroxide solution with lithium platinocyanide acidulated writh sulphuric acid. If the platinocyanide solution is very concentrated or, better, if the hydrogen peroxide is replaced by perhydrol, pure lithium platinicyanide is obtained, free from admixed or combined platinocyanide.4... 

This perhydrol bears a resemblance in constitution to Caro s permono-sulphuric acid, H2SOs, or... 

SYNS CARBAMIDE PEROXIDE GLY-OXIDE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CARBAMIDE HYDROPERIT HYPEROL ORTIZON PERCARBAMIDE PERHYDRIT PERHYDROL-UREA THENARDOL UREA DIOXIDE UREA HYDROGEN PEROXIDE pOT) UREA HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SALT UREA HYDROPEROXIDE UREA PEROXIDE pOT)... 

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