Percentage conversion factor from

From the abimdance percentages for oxygen we calculate the ratio 0/ 0. This gives the conversion factor from the chemical scale 0 == 16 to the physical scale 0 = 16. 

The concentration of carbon dioxide gas in ppm can be converted to percentage biodegradation by calculating the mass of carbon produced and then dividing by the initial mass of carbon in the sample. Equation D. 1 lists the conversion factor from carbon dioxide gas concentration to grams of carbon produced. The ppm concentration is divided by 10,000 to convert the ppm to volume fraction of carbon dioxide gas. The volume fraction of carbon dioxide gas is multiplied by the liters of free air of gas and then by the density of carbon dioxide to yield the mass of carbon dioxide. The mass of carbon dioxide is multiplied by the ratio of the atomic mass of carbon and the molecular mass of carbon dioxide. 

Let s say that you want to find an empirical formula from the percentage composition. First, convert the mass percentage of each element to grams. Second, convert from grams to moles using the molar mass of each element as a conversion factor. (Keep in mind that a formula for a compound can be read as a number of atoms or as a number of moles.) Third, as shown in Sample Problem C, compare these amounts in moles to find the simplest whole-number ratio among the elements in the compound. 

The general form for conversion factors derived from mass percentages is... 

Use conversion factors derived from percentages to convert between units of a part and units of the whole. 

The last question is important because not only does the percentage of atmospheric SO2 oxidation (often global climate models assume a simple conversion factor in percentage of SO2 emission) determine the climate active sulfate but so does the particulate sulfate in air. Fig. 5.31 shows a scheme of the multiphase atmospheric sulfur chemistry. The figures are derived from many field studies and modeling attempts, and are representative of Europe. It is noteworthy that the number of... 

The kinetics of polymerisation of styrene-in-water microemulsions is investigated using dilatometry. From plots of percentage conversion versus time, the rate of polymerization, Rp, is determined. From log-log plots of Rp versus styrene and initiator (2,2 -azobis(isobutyronitrile), AIBN) concentrations a relationship is estabhshed. The exponents are similar to those predicted by the theory of emulsion polymerisation. The results also show a rapid conversion in the initial period (interval 1) followed by a slower rate at longer times (interval 2). It is suggested that in interval 1, the main process in nncleation of the microemnlsion droplets, whereas in interval 2 propagation is the more dominant factor. The rapid polymerisation of microemnlsions is consistent with their strncture, whereby very small droplets with flexible interfaces are prodnced. 4 refs. 

Percentage is used this way as a conversion factor in the solution of Example 7.11 in Section 7.6. This is a specific example of a conversion factor obtained from a defining equation and Per relationship, as introduced in Section 3.8. 

The general effect of type of charge stock is partly indicated in Fig. 21-2, but the conversions indicated from Fig. 21-2 should not be used with Fig. 21-3 unless the Characterization Factor is in the range of 11.8 to 12. For other Characterization Factor stocks, the percentage conversion of Fig. 21-2 or Table 21-1 should be transferred to Fig. 21-4 to estimate tlie yield of coke and the yield of gasoline. These yields are then used in Fig. 21-5 to estimate the yield of dry gas and B-B cut. The simple relationship of Fig. 21-4 cannot be perfect, but it is the result of... 

Convert from grams of alloy to grams of Al by using the percentage by mass of Al as a conversion factor. 

Concentration of Monomer. Chen (17) also indicates that the apparent irradiation time necessary to reach maximum percentage monomer conversion, for TEOA/MB, falls by a factor of two pseudoexponentially as [m] increases from 5 to 30 Wt%, and then remains constant at higher values of [M]. A small (2x) correction has been made to relate data at low (5-10%) [m] to high monomer content examples. 

The thermodynamics and kinetics of the thermal equilibrium between previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 have been studied (34,35). The isomerization of previtamin D3 to vitamin 63 is an exothermic first order reaction. The vitamin D3/previtamin D3 equilibrium ratio depends on the temperature and can be calculated from the appropriate equilibrium and kinetic constants reported by Hanewald et al. (36). The rate constants for the equilibrium have been shown to be independent of the nature of the solvent, of acidic or basic catalysis and of factors known to affect free radical process (37,38). The percentages of vitamin D3 in equilibrium with previtamin D3 ranges from 98% at -20° to 78% at 80°. Thus, when vitamin D3 is stored in the cold, the equilibrium constant hinders the conversion to previtamin D3. 

The overall power conversion PCE efficiency (if) of the photovoltaic cell (range 0 to 1, or percentage from 0% to 100%) can be calculated from the photocurrent density (/ph A m-2), the open-cell circuit photovoltage (Voc), the geometrical fill factor of the cell (FF), and the intensity of the incident light (typically Js = 1000Wm 2 = 0.1 Won-2) as... 

The weight percents of the individual homologs in each specific-Z series (carbon-number distributions) were calculated from LV/EI/MS molecular-ion intensities assuming constant mole sensitivities for each specific-Z series. An invalid factor was inadvertently used in the previous conversion of the LV/EI/MS carbon-number distributions for the asphaltene neutral fraction to carbon-number distributions based on the total liquid. Consequently, the entries in the LV/EI/MS carbon-number distributions for Z(H), Z(O), and Z(S) asphaltene neutral aromatic compounds in References 35 and 47, the total weight percentages of these specific-Z series in References 35, 47, and 48, and the sums of these latter weight percentages reported in all these references should be multiplied by 0.892. 

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