Per hour

Figure 5.37 depicts the basic set up of a wireline logging operation. A sonde is lowered downhole after the drill string has been removed. The sonde is connected via an insulated and reinforced electrical cable to a winch unit at the surface. At a speed of about 600m per hour the cable Is spooled upward and the sonde continuously records formation properties like natural gamma ray radiation, formation resistivity or formation density. The measured data is sent through the cable and is recorded and processed in a sophisticated logging unita the surface. Offshore, this unit will be located in a cabin, while on land it is truck mounted. In either situation data can be transmitted in real time via satellite to company headquarters if required. 

The maximum desilvering speed is related to the maximum current the power supply will deliver. When the efficiency is high, a current of lA will recover 4g of metallic silver per hour. The daily load determines the maximum current required. A 3A unit will typically be used for up to 15 m of film per day. 

The project demonstrated that it is possible to measure and evaluate eccentricity of aluminum tubes at drawing velocities around 25 km per hour. Not all demands regarding small diameter tubes and thin walls were tested, and the calibration procedures were not finalized. Optimizing the system should make it possible to expand the limits... 

The methodology and the pigging tool have proven to be capable of identifying very small leaks. In oil pipelines like the Danish carrying 1500 m /h leakages down to 1 litre per hour can be detected without injection of large quantities of tracer. Leakages can be positioned with an accuracy of less than 1 metre. 

The time needed to complete an analysis for a single sample is often fairly similar from method to method. This is somewhat misleading, however, because much of this time is spent preparing the solutions and equipment needed for the analysis. Once the solutions and equipment are in place, the number of samples that can be analyzed per hour differs substantially from method to method. This is a significant factor in selecting a method for laboratories that handle a high volume of samples. 

The cost of an analysis is determined by many factors, including the cost of necessary equipment and reagents, the cost of hiring analysts, and the number of samples that can be processed per hour. In general, methods relying on instruments cost more per sample than other methods. 

Time, Cost, and Equipment Automated chemical kinetic methods of analysis provide a rapid means for analyzing samples, with throughputs ranging from several hundred to several thousand determinations per hour. The initial start-up costs, however, may be fairly high because an automated analysis requires a dedicated instrument designed to meet the specific needs of the analysis. When handled manually, chemical kinetic methods can be accomplished using equipment and instrumentation routinely available in most laboratories. Sample throughput, however, is much lower than with automated methods. 

Chemical kinetic methods are particularly useful for reactions that are too slow for a convenient analysis by other analytical methods. In addition, chemical kinetic methods are often easily adapted to an automated analysis. For reactions with fast kinetics, automation allows hundreds (or more) of samples to be analyzed per hour. Another important application of chemical kinetic... 

Shown here is a fiagram obtained for a solution of 100.0-ppm P04 . Determine h, t, T, f. At, and T. What is the sensitivity of this FIA method (assuming a linear relationship between absorbance and concentration) How many samples can be analyzed per hour ... 

Belt-conveyor scales determine the amount of material being conveyed on a belt. A section of belt is weighed by placing the belt support rollers on a scale the belt speed is also measured. Weight and speed data are suppHed to a controller which integrates them to arrive at a material flow rate, often stated in tons per hour. The controller may display a flow rate, shut the conveyor down when a predeterrnined amount of material has passed, or it may be used to maintain a specified flow rate. Accuracy is limited because of the number of detrimental influences involved, eg, variable belt tension. 

High purity acetaldehyde is desirable for oxidation. The aldehyde is diluted with solvent to moderate oxidation and to permit safer operation. In the hquid take-off process, acetaldehyde is maintained at 30—40 wt % and when a vapor product is taken, no more than 6 wt % aldehyde is in the reactor solvent. A considerable recycle stream is returned to the oxidation reactor to increase selectivity. Recycle air, chiefly nitrogen, is added to the air introducted to the reactor at 4000—4500 times the reactor volume per hour. The customary catalyst is a mixture of three parts copper acetate to one part cobalt acetate by weight. Either salt alone is less effective than the mixture. Copper acetate may be as high as 2 wt % in the reaction solvent, but cobalt acetate ought not rise above 0.5 wt %. The reaction is carried out at 45—60°C under 100—300 kPa (15—44 psi). The reaction solvent is far above the boiling point of acetaldehyde, but the reaction is so fast that Httle escapes unoxidized. This temperature helps oxygen absorption, reduces acetaldehyde losses, and inhibits anhydride hydrolysis. 

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