Pentachlorophenol properties

Chem. Descrip. Sulfonate blend Ionic Nature Anionic Uses Emulsifier for pentachlorophenol Properties Liq. 

Wood preservatives ate appHed either from an oil system, such as creosote, petroleum solutions of pentachlorophenol, or copper naphthanate, or a water system. Oil treatments ate relatively inert with wood material, and thus, have Htde effect on mechanical properties. However, most oil treatments require simultaneous thermal treatments, which ate specifically limited in treating standards to preclude strength losses (24). 

PCP presents a different picture from that of the lower chlorophenols and their derivatives. The corresponding dioxin shows much more stability to light than does TCDD, enough to permit its prolonged existence at low concentrations in a photoreactor. As a phenol it can directly yield dioxins, a process favored by its normal mode of application as the sodium salt. Although octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin has much lower mammalian toxicity than TCDD (6), its formation, properties, and effects demand additional investigation. Technical preparations of PCP are frequently mixtures of tetra- and pentachlorophenols consequently, hepta-and possibly hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins might be expected as photolysis products in addition to the octachloro derivative. 

Pentachlorophenol is readily soluble in most organic solvents, oils, and highly aromatic and olefinic petroleum hydrocarbons — a property that makes it compatible for inclusion in many pesticide formulations (Table 23.1 Figure 23.1). Purified PCP, however, is practically insoluble in water therefore, the readily water-soluble sodium pentachlorophen-ate salt is substituted in many industrial applications (Table 23.1) (Bevenue and Beckman 1967 USPHS 1994). 

Bevenue, A. and H. Beckman. 1967. Pentachlorophenol a discussion of its properties and its occurrence as a residue in human and animal tissues. Residue Rev. 19 83-134. 

Smejtek, P., Barstad, A. W. and Hsu, K. (1987). Dielectric properties of adsorp-tion/ionization site of pentachlorophenol in lipid membranes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 902, 109-127. 

Pentachlorobiphenyl, 13 140 Pentachloroethane, in integrated manufacturing process, 6 237t Pentachlorophenol, bioremediation substrate, 3 772-776 Pentachlorotoluene, physical properties, 6 344t... 

Witte, I., Juhl, U. Butte, W. (1985) DNA-damagmg properties and cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts of tetrachlorohydroquinone, a pentachlorophenol metabolite. Mutat. Res., 145, 71-75... 

Resnick,S. M. Chapman, P. J. (1994). Physiological properties of substrate specificity ofa pentachlorophenol-degrading Pseudomonas sp. Biodegradation, 5, 47-54. 

Studies have assessed the toxicological properties of one or more heavy metal(s) with one or more organic substance(s). Examples include copper and diazinon (van der Geest et al., 2000), cadmium and pentachlorophenol (McDaniel and Snell, 1999),... 

The chlorinated phenols, particularly pentachlorophenol (Figure 16.7) and the trichlorophenol isomers, have been widely used as wood preservatives. Applied to wood, these compounds prevent wood rot through their fungicidal action and prevent termite infestation because of their insecticidal properties. Both cause liver malfunction and dermatitis. Contaminant polychlorinated dibenzodiox-ins may be responsible for some of the observed effects. 

Within the USEPA s EPI Suite, descriptions of basic physical-chemical properties for 2,4-dichloroaniline (DCA CAS No. 554007), pentachlorophenol (PCP CAS No. 87865), nonylphenol (NP CAS No. 104405), and linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (C12 LAS CAS No. 25155300) were obtained using the EPI Suite (Table 3.1), whereas acute and chronic toxicity estimates for the median effective and chronic effect concentrations (the geometric mean between chronic lowest-observed-effect concentration [LOEC] and no-observed-effect concentration [NOEC]) and for fish, daphnids, and algae for each substance were estimated from ECOSAR (Table 3.2). These compounds were chosen based on their widespread use. 

Fig. 9. Relationship between the steady-state bioconcentration factors on a lipid basis (BCFl) of chemicals in different fish species and the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (Kqw) (log/log scale). ( ) Solid circles are chemicals with known endocrine-disrupting properties. Abbreviations of the chemicals p,p -DDT 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l,l-trichloroethane. OCDD octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. TCDD tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. HCB hexachloro-benzene. PCA pentachloroanisole. PeCB pentachlorobenzene. MX musk xylene. TeCB tetrachlorobenzene. NP nonylphenol. TCB tetrachlorobenzene. y-HCH y-hexachlorocyclo-hexane (Lindane). PCP pentachlorophenol. DCB dichlorobenzene. BPA bisphenol-A. PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls...

Pentachlorophenol Because of its good fungicidal, pesticidal and preservative properties, pentachlorophenol (PCP) is frequently used for industrial and domestic purposes. Numerous cases of intoxication, even via bath water, with considerable liver damage are known. Infant fatalities have been reported after nappies were washed with PCP. (77)... 

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