Pentachloronitrobenzene

Penta Manufacturmg Company, 242 Pentaborane, 102 Pentachloronitrobenzene, 102 Pentachlorophenol, 103 Pentaerythritol, 103... 

Displacement of the nitro group in pentachloronitrobenzene by hydroxyl and thiol groups (Bahig et al. 1981) (Figure 2.16) in golden orfs Idas idus). 

Initially formed polar metabolites such as phenols and amines may be conjugated to water-soluble terminal metabolites that are excreted into the medium and function as an effective mechanism of detoxification. For example, pentachlorophenol and pentachlorothiophenol produced from pentachloronitrobenzene conjugated represented the major metabolites. Although the naphthalene dihydrodiol was the major metabolite produced from naphthalene, the further transformation... 

Tetrahymena thermophila transforms pentachloronitrobenzene to the corresponding aniline and pentachlorothioanisole (Figure 2.24) (Murphy et al. 1982). 

Bahig ME, A Kraus, W Klein, F Korte (1981) Metabolism of pentachloronitrobenzene- " C quintozene) in fish. Chemosphere 10 319-322. 

Murphy SE, A Drotar, R Eall (1982) Biotransformation of the fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene by Tetrahymenathermophila. Chemosphere 11 33-39. 

The partial dechlorination of chlorinated anilines has been examined in anaerobic slurries, which has already been noted (Kuhn et al. 1990), while D. hafniense (frappieri) strain PCP-1 is able to dechlorinate a wide range of polychlorinated aromatic substrates including phenols, catechols, anilines, pentachloronitrobenzene, and pentachloropyridine (Dennie et al. 1998). Both pentachloro-aniline and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline were partially dechlorinated to dichloroanilines, although the orientation of the substituents was unresoved. The kinetics of dechlorination of pentachloroaniline have been described (Tas et al. 2006). 

Tas DO, SG Pavlostathis (2005) Microbial reductive transformation of pentachloronitrobenzene under metha-nogenic conditions. Environ Sci Technol 39 8264-8272. 

Okutman-Tas D, Pavlostathis SG (2007) The influence of iron reduction on the reductive biotransformation of pentachloronitrobenzene. Eur J Soil Biol 43 264—275... 

Several studies have recently appeared on the acceleration of S Ar reactions by high pressure135-139. Ibata and coworkers135 136 studied the SjvAr reaction of mono-, di-, tri-and pentachloronitrobenzenes with various amines under high pressure. 

In particular, when pentachloronitrobenzene (16) is heated at 50 °C for 20 h with 6.0 molar equivalent of morpholine at 0.60 GPa in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution in the presence of 5.0 molar equivalent of triethylamine, several products were isolated and are shown in Scheme 9. 

TABLE 16. Pressure effect of the SjyAR reaction of pentachloronitrobenzene with morpholine"136. Reprinted by permission of The Chemical Society of Japan... 

TABLE 17. Reaction of pentachloronitrobenzene with secondary amines under high pressure ... 

Such reductions may result in loss or diminution of the harmful effects as microorganisms convert the broad-spectrum poison 2,4-dinitrophenol to 2-amino-4-and 4-amino-2-nitrophenol, the fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene to penta-chloroaniline, and the insecticide Parathion to aminoparathion. 

Af -2-quinoxalysulfanilimide org chem C,4Hi2N4S02 Crystals with a melting point of 247°C almost insoluble in water usedasa rodenticide. Also known assulfaquinoxa-line. en,prTm tii kwi nak-s3-le,s3l-f3 nih3,mTd quintozene See pentachloronitrobenzene. kwin-t3,zen ... 

Source Hexachlorobenzene may enter the environment from incomplete combustion of chlorinated compounds including mirex, kepone, chlorobenzenes, pentachlorophenol, PVC, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chlorinated solvents (Ahling et al., 1978 Dellinger et al., 1991). In addition, hexachlorobenzene may enter the environment as a reaction by-product in the production of carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethylene, hexachlorobutadiene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloro-ethylene, pentachloronitrobenzene, and vinyl chloride monomer (quoted, Verschueren, 1983). 

Source Pentachlorobenzene may enter the environment from leaking dielectric fluids containing this compound. Pentachlorobenzene may be present as an undesirable by-product in the chemical manufacture of hexachlorobenzene, pentachloronitrobenzene, tetrachloroenzenes, tetrachloroeth-ylene, trichloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloroethane (U.S. EPA, 1980). 

Chlorinated dihydroxybenzenes, see Pentachlorophenol Chlorine, see Allidochlor. Anilazine. Bromacil. Chlordane, 2,4-D, Dalapon-sodium. p.p -DDT, Dicamba. Dieldrin, Diuron, Malathion, Monuron. Pentachloronitrobenzene. Picloram. Propachlor. 

Pentachloroaniline, see Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentachloroanisole, see Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorobenzene, see Hexachlorobenzene, Lindane,... 

Pentachlorothioanisole, see Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentanal, see Cyclohexene, 2-Heptanone Pentane, see Bntane, Cyclopentane, Trichloroethylene... 

Soil. The half-lives of pentachloronitrobenzene in a Columbia fine sandy loam, Sacramento clay, and Staten peaty muck from California were 4.7, 7.6, and 9.7 months, respectively. Degradation products were pentachloroaniline and pentachlorothioanisole (Wang and Broadbent,... 

In the laboratory, half-lives ranged from 213-699 and 435-535 d at application rates of 60 and 10 kg/ha, respectively (Beck and Hansen, 1974). In anaerobic soils, the half-life of pentachloronitrobenzene was 21 d. After 3 wk of incubation, <1% of the applied amount (10 mg/g soil) remained in submerged soil but 82% was found in moist soil (Ko and Farley, 1969). In a Hagerstown silty clay loam, pentachloroaniline, pentachlorothioanisole, and pentachlorophenol were reported as metabolites (Murthy and Kaufman, 1978). 

Murthy, N.B.K. and Kaufman, D.D. Degradation of pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) in anaerobic soils, J. Agric. Food Chem., 26(5) 1151-1156, 1978. 

Klupinski et al. (2004) report a laboratory experiment on the degradation of a fungicide, pentachloronitrobenzene (C Cl NO ), in the presence of goethite and iron oxide nanoparticles this study was intended to illustrate the fate of organic agrochemical contaminants in an iron-rich subsurface. To compare the effects of iron with and without a mineral presence, experiments were performed using... 

Fig. 16.9 Change in first-order rate constant k for the reduction of CgCl NO as a result of varying goethite content in media with 473 iM Fe(II) and 200mM NaCl (pH 6.96). Error bars to indicate 95% confidence intervals would be smaller than symbols. Reprinted with permission from Klupinski TP, Chin YP, Traina S J (2004) Abiotic degradation of pentachloronitrobenzene by Fe(II) Reactions on goethite and iron oxide nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 38 4353-4360. Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society...

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