Penicillium spp

Packaging materials which have a smooth, impervious surface, free fi cm crevices or interstices, such as cellulose acetate, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly vinylchloride, and metal foils and laminates, all have a low surface microbial count. Cardboard and paperboard, unless treated, carry mould spores of Cladosporium spp., Aspergillus spp. md Penicillium spp. and bacteria such 2 Bacillus spp. sn.dMicrococcus spp. 

Cyclopiazonic acid is synthesized by a number of Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. The Aspergillus spp. that have been reported as cyclopiazonic-acid producers are A. flavus (the most studied cyclopiazonic-acid producer) along with A. versicolor, A. oryzae, and A. tamarii. Among the Penicillium spp. producers are P. verrucosum, P. patulum, P. camembertii, and P. puberulum. In A. flavus, cyclopiazonic-acid production usually occurs in conjunction with aflatoxin production. However, studies of aflatoxin mutants have shown that synthesizing cyclopiazonic acid is independent of the capacity to synthesize aflatoxin (Horn and Dorner, 1999). Little is known about the impact of... 

Sterigmatocystin may also be synthesized by the Penicillium spp., P. camembertii, P. commune and P. griseofulvum. However, there are few reports of sterigmatocystin contamination of foodstuffs by these fungi. 

Penicillium spp. produce a wide range of mycotoxins, of which patulin (an unsaturated lactone) is common as a possible food contaminant. The species of this genus disseminate efficiently by the production of airborne conidia. 

Capon RJ, Steward M, Ratnayake R, Lacey E, Gill JH (2007) Citromycetins and Bilains A-C new Aromatic Polyketides and Diketopiperazines from Australian Marine-derived and Terrestrial Penicillium spp. J Nat Prod 70 1746... 

We report here that polyethylene adipate (PEA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were degraded by Penicillium spp., and aliphatic and alicyclic polyesters,ester type polyurethanes, copolyesters composed of aliphatic and aromatic polyester (CPE) and copolyamide-esters (CPAE) were hydrolyzed by several lipases and an esterase. Concerning these water-insoluble condensation polymers, we noted that the melting points (Tm) had a effect on biodegradability. 

The Trichoderma spp. clearly formed an association with C. bu-tyricum, as did the Fusarium spp. and S. alcina, indicated by the number of viable bacteria associating with straw and the rate of degradation of this substrate (17). By contrast, Penicillium spp. were generally less effective. 

Based on the nucleotide sequence of the polygalacturonase gene of P. expansum, Marek et al. (2003) designed a pair of primers which lead to amplification of a 404-bp PCR product specifically with DNA isolated from strains of this fungus. No product was amplified from various Penicillium spp. tested. The assay was sensitive to detecting DNA a concentration equivalent to 25 cfu of P. expansum. However, the detection of the fungus in contaminated food was not demonstrated by the authors. 

Mono-bicyclic Itmg-chain Achyranthes aspera, Amaranthaceae, Ang. from India Misra 1993) citrinin (Australian plant Crotolaria crispata and Aspergillus, Clavariopsis, Penicillium spp., Eumyc. MI). 

Oracilline/ Penicillium spp., Rhone-Poulenc Deuterom., Eumyc. Rorer V Cillin/Lilly... 

Other proposed mechanisms of metal removal from sewage include physical capture by microbial floes, cellular accumulation and volatilization by such organisms as Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Zoogloea and Penicillium spp. (Brown Lester, 1979). In laboratory and pilot-scale studies, up to 98% metal removal by these mechanisms combined has been documented (Lester, 1987). 

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) was isolated from cultures of Penicillium spp. in 1896 and was purified in 1913. Initially the compound was studied for its antifungal and antibacterial effects and later for its antitumor effects. Many years later, its immunosuppressive activities were recognized and after further developmental work, an ester prodrug mycophenolate mofetil was developed, which was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of acute renal allograft rejection in 1995 and for heart transplant recipients in 1998. Mycophenolate mofetil is a cytotoxic agent now used for immunosuppressive therapy and is the mofetil ester of MPA, which is the active immunosuppressive agent. 

During cheese production lactose is converted to lactic acid by starter lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Any unfermented lactose is converted to d- and L-lactate by nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) and racemization, respectively. Lactate can be oxidized by LAB in cheese to acetate, ethanol, formic acid, and carbon dioxide at a rate dependent on oxygen availability (McSweeney, 2004). Other pathways include conversion to propionate, acetate, water, and carbon dioxide by Propionibacterium spp. carbon dioxide and water by Penicillium spp. yeasts and butyric acid and hydrogen by Clostridium spp. The rate of lactose metabolism influences proteolysis and flavor formation (Creamer et al., 1985 Fox et al., 1990). 

Torelli, E., Firrao, G., Locci, R., and Gobbi, E. (2005). Ochratoxin A producing strains of Penicillium spp. isolated from grapes used for the production of "passito" wines. Int. ]. Food Microbiol. 106,307-312. 

Cyclopiazonic acid] Aspergillus Penicillium spp. (fungi) ER Ca2+-ATPase (HIV-1 PR,... 

Nectria gliocladiodes Nitrospora sphericaF Paecillomyces variottF Penicillium spp. 

Hyalohyphomycosis (Acremonium spp., Penicillium spp., Beauveria spp. and many others)... 

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