Penicillins dicloxacillin

In contrast, some penicillinase-resistant penicillins (dicloxacillin, nafcillin) provoke resistance to warfarin, lasting for up to 3 weeks after withdrawal of the antibiotic (331,332). 

Drug interactions in general, there are no clinically significant drug interactions associated with the penicillins. Dicloxacillin may increase the... 

Penicillins. — Dicloxacillin (III) was effective in 48 of 49 patients afflicted with pneumococcal and staphylococcal wound infections. Against clinical isolates of aureus and epidermidis, dicloxacillin was 2 to 3.5 times more active than cloxacillin (ll) and oxacillin (1). Other clinicians found dicloxacillin highly efficacious for oral treatment of infections caused by streptococci and penicillinase-producing staphylococci. qjj. 

For infections developing more than 36 to 48 hours after the bite, the risk of P. multocida being involved decreases dramatically. In these patients, staphylococci or streptococci are the most likely causative pathogens. Therapy in this instance includes a penicillinase-resistant penicillin (dicloxacillin 250-500 mg orally four times daily in children, 25-50 mg/kg per day oraUy divided into four doses) or a cephalosporin (cefuroxime axetil 500 mg orally twice daily in children, 20-30 mg/kg per day orally divided into two doses) and should be given for a full 10 to 14 days. ... 

The pharmacology of penicillins differs markedly from compound to compound but has been well reviewed (57). The majority of derivatives, including penicillin G and the antipseudomonal penicillins, ate unstable in gastric acid and ate not available orally. The isoxazolyl penicillins ate relatively acid stable but not consistendy well absorbed by the oral route. Nafcillin and oxacillin ate poody absorbed orally cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and ducloxacillin ate more teUable. Penicillin V, ampicillin, and patticulady amoxicillin ate relatively well absorbed orally. Esters of ampicillin such as bacampicillin, pivampicillin, and talampicillin improve the level of oral absorption of ampicillin to that achieved by amoxicillin. Absorption can be diminished by food after oral adruinistration, however, and peak blood levels, usually achieved after 1 to 2 h, ate somewhat delayed after ingestion of food. 

An immunoassay was developed to determine the penicillinase stable isoxazolyl penicillins cloxacillin and dicloxacillin in milk by Usleber et alJ The assay detected lOpgkg" of cloxacillin and 30pgkg of dicloxacillin with recoveries of 102% and 84%, respectively. The calibration curve was prepared by fortifying skimmed milk powder (lOOgL ) with standards. Fortified samples were prepared in pasteurized milk and analyzed directly after decreaming by centrifugation. This immunoassay was performed with minimal sample preparation, probably because the extensive water solubility of the penicillins prevents problems associated with more lipid-soluble analytes. 

Treat acute mastitis with antistaphylococcal antibiotics such as dicloxacillin or cephalexin for 10 to 14 days in order to prevent recurrent disease and breast abscess12 (Table 44-5). Penicillin-allergic women alternatively may be treated with erythromycin.12 Occasionally, intravenous antibiotics are needed for resistant, recurrent, or chronic cases. Encourage women to continue breast-feeding through acute mastitis and to empty all leftover milk from the affected breast.12... 

I Penicillin is the treatment of choice for erysipelas. In uncomplicated cases, a 5-day course is as effective as a 10-day course.3 Other agents that are acceptable for treatment include clindamycin, erythromycin, cephalexin, and dicloxacillin. 

Systemic agents that are considered safe in pregnancy include acyclovir, amoxicillin, azithromycin, cephalosporins, chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine, dicloxacillin, diphenhydramine, erythromycin (except estolates), nystatin, and penicillin. 

Penicillins. This group includes penicillin G (benzyl-penicillin), penicillin VK (phenoxymethyl-penicillin), the isoxazolyl penicillins oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and nafcillin, the amino-penicillins ampicillin, hetacillin and amoxycillin, the carboxy-penicil-lin carbenicillin, and the thienyl-penicillin ticarcillin. 

PG - penicillin G PV - penicillin V Clox - cloxacillin Diclox - dicloxacillin ... 

Dicloxacillin (Dynapeii/ Dycill) [Antibiotic/Penicillin] Uses ... 

Nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin are more resistant to bacterial (3-lactamases than is penicillin G. Consequently, these antibiotics are effective against streptococci and most community-acquired penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Methicillin, which is no longer marketed in the United States, is another penicillinase-resistant antibiotic similar to nafcillin and oxacillin. For historical reasons, staphylococci resistant to oxacillin or nafcillin are labeled methicillin resistant. Many hospitals are reservoirs for MRSA and methi-cillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). These nosocomial pathogens are resistant in vitro to all (3-lactam antibiotics. 

Rx amoxicillin, ampicillin, bacampicillin, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, methicillin, mezlocillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, penicillin G benzathine, penicillin G potassium, penicillin Vpotassium, piperacillin, pivampicillin, pivme-cillinam, ticarcillin Penicillin and beta-lactamase inhibitors amoxicillin/ clavulanate potassium, ampicillin/sulbactam sodium, piperacillin sodium/ tazobactam sodium, ticarcillin disodium/clavulanate potassium Chemical Class Penicillin, natural... 

The answer is a. (Hardman, pp 1143-1144.) Polymyxin B is poorly absorbed by the oral route. It is primarily administered by the topical route for the treatment of infections of the skin, mucous membranes, eye, and ear. Penicillin G can be administered both orally and parenterally. Dicloxacillin is only given by the oral route. Carbenicillin and streptomycin are administered only by the parenteral route. 

Nafcillin is primarily cleared by biliary excretion. Oxacillin, dicloxacillin, and cloxacillin are eliminated by both the kidney and biliary excretion no dosage adjustment is required for these drugs in renal failure. Because clearance of penicillins is less efficient in the newborn, doses adjusted for weight alone result in higher systemic concentrations for longer periods than in the adult. 

An isoxazolyl penicillin such as oxacillin, cloxacillin, or dicloxacillin, 0.25-0.5 g orally every 4-6 hours (15-25 mg/kg/d for children), is suitable for treatment of mild to moderate localized staphylococcal infections. All are relatively acid-stable and have reasonable bioavailability. However, food interferes with absorption, and the drugs should be administered 1 hour before or after meals. 

Penicillins have been used in veterinary medicine for more than 30 years and still constimte the most important group of antibiotics. They can be classified in three distinct groups. The group of the natural penicillins includes penicillin G and penicillin V the group of the penicillinase-resistant penicillins includes methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and mecillinam the group of the broad-spectrum penicillins includes ampicillin, amoxicillin, and heta-cillin (Fig. 3.3.1)... 

Oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin are all semisynthetic isoxazolyl penicillins suitably modified to be relatively resistant to hydrolysis by staphylococcal -lactamase. They have the additional advantage of being stable in the presence of gastric acid, so they can be administered orally as well as parenterally. 

Dicloxacillin is absorbed well from the gastrointestinal tract but the presence of food in the stomach reduces resorption. Although cloxacillin differs chemically from oxacillin only in the presence of a chlorine atom, their absorption profile after oral administration is not similar. Cloxacillin is more rapidly and effectively absorbed than oxacillin. However, absorption of all isoxazolyl penicillins is better when given by intramuscular injection. These agents can be also administered by intravenous, intrauterine, intra-articular, intrapleural, and intramammary injections. 

Amoxycillin (AMO), ampicillin (AMP), penicillin-G (PenG), penicillin-V (PenV), oxacillin (OXA), cloxacillin (CLO), and dicloxacillin (DICL) are the main representatives of penicillins cephapyrin (CEP), ceftiofur (CEF), and cefadroxil (CFD) are the main representatives of cephalosporins. Other /3-lactams could be found in the food samples, e.g., methicillin (MET), piperacillin (PIP), nafcillin (NAF), and ticarcillin (TIC), among others. 

The generic nature of the antiserum was shown by good relative cross-reactivities with penicillin type (3-lactam antibiotics such as amoxicillin (50%), ampicillin (47%), and penicillin V (145%), and a lower response to the isoxazolyl penicillins such as oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin. No cross-reactivity was obtained for cephalosporin type p-lactam antibiotics (cephapirin), cloramphenicol, or fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin). 

Penicillin G [Bicillin, Wycillin, many others] Penicillin V [Beepen-VK, V-Cillin K, others] Penicillinase-resistant penicillins Cloxacillin [Cloxapen, Tegopen] Dicloxacillin [Dycill, Dynapen, Pathocil] Methicillin [Staphcillin]... 

Except antistaphylococcal penicillins (eg, nafcillin and dicloxacillin). 4Except trovafloxacin and moxifloxacin. 

Antistaphylococcal penicillins Methicillin [meth i SILL in], naf-cillin [naf SILL in], oxacillin [ox a SILL in], cloxacillin [klox a SILL in], and dicloxacillin [dye klox a SILL in] are penicillinase-resistant penicillins. Their use is restricted to the treatment of infections caused by penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Because of its toxicity, methicillin is rarely used. Methicillin-resistarft strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), currently a serious source of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, are usually susceptible to vancomycin, and rarely to ciprofloxacin or rifampin. 

The silylation was completed for penicillin G and V and D- and L-phenethicillin and -methicillin within 10 min, whereas oxacillin, cloxacillin and dicloxacillin required up to 60 min. Of the above series of penicillins two pairs had, however, similar retention times under the chromatographic conditions given. 

Dicloxacillin 250-500 mg every 6 hours + penicillin VK 250-500 mg every 6 hours... 

Dicloxacillin 25-50 m kg in four divided doses + penicillin VK 40,000-90,000 unhVkg in four divided doses... 

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