Pedicle

The epidural space surrounds the dura mater of the spinal cord. It is bounded by the pedicles of the vertebral arches and by the anterior and posterior ligaments connecting the bony vertebral column. The epidural space contains nerve roots, fat, and blood vessels. 

Jager et al,59,115 reported that Infusion of 2-PAM I Into dogs at 0.5 mg/kg per minute resulted after about 2 1/2 h in a relatively stable serum concentration of oxime of about 40 Pg/ml. Ligation of the renal pedicles resulted In a rapid Increase, during the 30 min thereafter, in the serum concentration of oxime to nearly 120 yg/ml. 

Figure 30-10 (A) Schematic drawing of a synapse. (B) Electron micrograph showing the synaptic junctions in the basal part (pedicle) of a retinal cone cell of a monkey.403 Each pedicle contains synaptic contacts with 12 triads, each made up of processes from a bipolar cell center that carries the principal output signal and processes from two horizontal cells that also synapse with other cones. A ribbon structure within the pedicle is characteristic of these synapses. Note the numerous synaptic vesicles in the pedicle, some arranged around the ribbon, the synaptic clefts, and the characteristic thickening of the membranes surrounding the cleft (below the ribbons). Micrograph courtesy of John Dowling.

Ten mg. of dihydroxyphenylserine had been Injected into kidney at time renal pedicle was clamped, 2 hours... 

Shave the hair along the midscapular line above the position of the spleen and make a 1-cm incision made through the skin. Cut through the muscle wall to expose the spleen, and then deliver it through the opening complete with its pedicle. 

Multi-scale Molecule assemMu Pedicle Particle Reactor Plant... 

Antlers are grown and shed annually from two points on the front or side of the skull. During the growing season, an antler is covered with skin and fine hair. Blood vessels feed the bony mass, which grows from the ends and around the surface. As an antler nears its maximum size, the blood supply is gradually cut off and the velvet coating dries and sloughs off. After a short time, a sinus opens between the basal burr on the skull and the bottom of the antler. The ander is then dropped, and a scar forms on the pedicle. 

Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150-200 g are anesthetized. Through a 6-cm midline incision in the abdominal wall the small bowel and cecum are lifted and placed on saline-soaked gauze sponges. The exposed right kidney is dissected from the retroperitoneal area and the vascular and ureteric pedicles are ligated with 2-0 silk sutures, transected, and the kidney is removed. The renal artery of the left kidney is dissected... 

The first liver resection in the form of a lobectomy was carried out on a dog by G. Zambeccari as early as 1680. The first resection in humans (removal of an adenoma) was also performed in Italy, but the outcome was fatal (A. Lius, 1886). The first successful resection of a large, benign, pedicled lobular constriction was carried out by c. v. Langenbuch (Germany) in 1888, while successful resections were performed in the USA by w.w. Keen as from 1892. 

Mefenamic acid and other anthranihc acid derivatives are nephrotoxic. Many renal effects have been demonstrated in animals. Acute renal insufficiency, renal papillary necrosis, and non-oliguric renal insufficiency have been reported in man (11,12). Renal biopsies in renal insufficiency have shown interstitial nephritis, mesangial proliferation, and focal pedicle fusion, previously undescribed (13). 

Chen JS, Liu WC, Yang KC, Chen LW, Huang JS, Chang HX. Reconstruction with bilateral pedicled XRAM flap for paraffinoma breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005 115(1) 96-104. 

From animal investigations hepatic uptake appears to be a factor in the drug s total plasma clearance, but renal excretion seems to be the main route of elimination. Ligation of renal pedicles in dogs (3) resulted in reduced elimination of pipecuronium, with a four-fold increase in mean residence time and a four-fold increase in hepatobiliary elimination, which did not compensate for the loss of urinary excretion. In humans, about 40% of... 

Khuenl-Brady KS, Sharma M, Chung K, Miller RD, Agoston S, Caldwell JE. Pharmacokinetics and disposition of pipecuronium bromide in dogs with and without hgated renal pedicles. Anesthesiology 1989 71(6) 919-22. 

Of 69 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with tretinoin for 5 years, 15 developed retinoic acid syndrome (28). The following features were found on chest radiographs an increased cardio-thoracic ratio, an increased pedicle width, pulmonary congestion in 13, pleural effusion in 11, ground-glass opacities, septal lines, and peribronchial cuffing in 9,... 

A1 adenosine receptor Bilateral renal pedicle clamping No. Worse AKi [171]... 

Proapoptotic protein Bid Bilateral renal pedicle clamping Yes. [172]... 

Many studies of endothelin action have been performed in the IPRK. The potential potent vasoconstrictor role of endothelin in acute kidney injury was first noted in the IPRK by Firth [359], who also observed that endothelin-1 mRNA was upregulated for several days after renal pedicle clamping in vivo [360]. In vivo... 

One important assessment made with NIR is the viability of tissue after trauma [91]. Prolonged and severe tissue hypoxia results in tissue necrosis in pedicled flaps. The group used NIR to identify tissue regions with poor oxygen supply. The work was performed on reversed McFarlane rat dorsal skin flaps. It was seen that oxygen delivery to the flap tissue dropped immediately upon the onset of atopy. As expected, severe trauma that causes severing of the skin from the main blood flow causes necrosis of the tissue. Near-IR may be used as a tool in assessing the success of reattachment of the traumatized skin. 

FICURE 129-2. Radiation fields (shaded areas) commonly employed in Hodgkin s disease. I, mantle II, para-aortic-splenic pedicle III, pelvic l-Ell, subtotal nodal irradiation I -I- II -I- III, total nodal irradiation. Reproduced with permission from Eyre HI, Farver ML. Hodgkin s disease and non-Hodgkin s lymphoma. In Holleb Al, Fink Dj, Murphy GP, eds. Textbook of Clinical Oncology. Atlanta, American Cancer Society, 1991 382.)... 

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