Pediatric parenteral nutrition

Kelly DA. Liver complications of pediatric parenteral nutrition—epidemiology. Nutrition 1998 14(l) 153-7. 

Clayton PT, Whitfield P, Iyer K. The role of phytosterols in the pathogenesis of hver comphcations of pediatric parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 1998 14(l) 158-64. 

Dimand RJ. Parenteral nutrition in the critically ill infant and child. In Baker RD, Baker SS, Davis AM, eds. Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition. New York, Chapman Hall, 1997 273-300. 

Jakobowski, D., Ziegler, M., and Pereira, G., 1979, Complications of pediatric parenteral nutrition Central versus peripheral administration, J. Parent. Enter. Nutr. 3 29. 

D Blanco, M Pajares, VJ Escotet, MD Gutierrez. Determination of fat-soluble vitamins by liquid chromatography in pediatric parenteral nutritions. J Liq Chromatogr 17 4513-4530, 1994. 

Lavoie, J-C., Belanger, S., Spalinger, M., and Chessex, P. (1997), Admixture of a multivitamin preparation to parenteral nutrition The major contributor to in vitro generation of peroxides, Pediatrics, 99, 61-70. 

Demircan M, Ergun O, Coker C, et al. 1998. Aluminum in total parenteral nutrition solutions produces portal inflammation in rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 26 274-278. 

Moss, R.L., Das, J.B., Raffensperges, J.G. Total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis clinical and histopathologic correlation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1993 28 1270-1275... 

Klein GL, Snodgrass WR, Griffin MP, Miller NL, Alfrey AC. Hypocalcemia complicating deferoxamine therapy in an infant with parenteral nutrition-associated aluminum overload evidence for a role of aluminum in the bone disease of infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989 9(3) 400-3. 

Ali A, Walentik C, Mantych GJ, Sadiq HE, Keenan WJ, Noguchi A. Iatrogenic acute hypermagnesemia after total parenteral nutrition infusion mimicking septic shock syndrome two case reports. Pediatrics 2003 112(1 Pt l) e70-2. 

Calcium is normally considered to be safe in parenteral nutrition, and relatively high quantities are often included in neonatal and pediatric formulations. However, there is a risk of hjrpercalciuria. The pathogenesis of hjrpercal-ciuria is not readily explicable on the basis of endocrine or metabolic effects, but it has been postulated to be due to excessive calcium or vitamin D intake or aluminium overload. 

Metabolic bone disease in children receiving parenteral nutrition manifests primarily as osteopenia and, on occasion, fractures (5). The etiology is multifactorial calcium and phosphate deficiency play a major role in the preterm infant but the part played by aluminium toxicity in this population is unknown. Lack of reference values of bone histomorphometry in the premature infant, as well as lack of reference data for biochemical markers of bone turnover in these patients, contributes to the uncertainty. Other factors that may play a role in the pathogenesis of bone disease associated with parenteral nutrition include lack of periodic enteral feeding underljdng intestinal disease, including malabsorption and inflammation the presence of neoplasms and drug-induced alterations in calcium and bone metabohsm. However, the true incidence and prevalence of parenteral nutrition-associated bone abnormalities in pediatric patients are unknown. 

Tibboel D, Delemarre FM, Przyrembel H, Bos AP, Affourtit MJ, Molenaar JC. Carnitine deficiency in surgical neonates receiving total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Surg 1990 25(4) 418-21. 

Muller D, Eggert P, Krawinkel M. Hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis in a patient receiving long-term parenteral nutrition the effect of intravenous chlorothiazide. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998 27(1) 106-10. 

Kaneko K, Shimizu T, Nagaoka R, Fujiwara S, Igarashi J, Ohtomo Y, Yamashiro Y. Megaloblastic anemia in an infant receiving total parenteral nutrition. Pediatr Int 2002 44(l) 101-2. 

Morgan W 3rd, Yardley J, Luk G, Niemiec P, Dudgeon D. Total parenteral nutrition and intestinal development a neonatal model. J Pediatr Surg 1987 22(6) 541-5. 

Teitelbaum DH. Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. Curr Opin Pediatr 1997 9(3) 270-5. 

Iyer KR, Spitz L, Clayton P. BAPS prize lecture New insight into mechanisms of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis role of plant sterols. British Association of Paediatric Surgeons. J Pediatr Surg 1998 33(l) l-6. 

Bindl L, Lutjohann D, Buderus S, Lentze MJ, v Bergmann K. High plasma levels of phytosterols in patients on parenteral nutrition a marker of liver dysfunction. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000 31(3) 313-16. 

Sondheimer JM, Asturias E, Cadnapaphornchai M. Infection and cholestasis in neonates with intestinal resection and long-term parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998 27(2) 131-7. 

Levine A, Maayan A, Shamir R, Dinari G, Sulkes J, Sirotta L. Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in preterm neonates evaluation of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1999 12(4) 549-53. 

Campfield T, Braden G. Urinary oxalate excretion by very low birth weight infants receiving parenteral nutrition. Pediatrics 1989 84(5) 860-3. 

Okada Y, Klein N, van Saene HK, Pierro A. Small volumes of enteral feedings normalise immune function in infants receiving parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Surg 1998 33(1) 16-19. 

Market AD, Lew DB, Schropp KP, Hak EB. Parenteral nutrition-associated anaphylaxis in a 4-year-old child. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998 26(2) 229-31. 

King DR, Ginn-Pease ME, Lloyd TV, Hoffman J, Hohenbrink K. Parenteral nutrition with associated cholelithiasis another iatrogenic disease of infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 1987 22(7) 593-6. 

Coley BD, Seguin J, Cordero L, Hogan MJ, Rosenberg E, Reber K. Neonatal total parenteral nutrition ascites from hver erosion by umbilical vein catheters. Pediatr Radiol 1998 28(12) 923-7. 

Holliday M A, Friedman A L, Wassner S J 1999 Extracellular fluid restoration In dehydration a critique of rapid versus slow. Pediatric Nephrology 13 292-297 Hurley J R, Begg A P 1995 Failure of hyperimmune plasma to prevent pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. Australian Veterinary Journal 72 418-420 loannides-Demos L L, Liolios L, Topliss D J et al 1995 A prospective audit of total parenteral nutrition at a major teaching hospitai. Medical Journal of Australia 163 233-237... 

Ralston S L 1990 Clinical nutrition of adult horses. Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice 6 339-354 Reifen R, Khoshoo V, Dinar G 1999 Effect of parenteral nutrition on oral intake. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 12 203-205 Ring J, Messmer K 1977 Incidence and severity of anaphylactoid reactions to colloid volume substitutes. Lancet i 466-469... 

Greene HL, Hambidge KM, Schanler R, Tsang RC. Guidelines for the use of vitamins, trace elements, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in infants and children receiving total parenteral nutrition report of the Subcommittee on Pediatric Parenteral Nutrient Requirements from the Committee on Clinical Practice Issues of the American Society for Chnical Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1988 48 1324-42. 

Kelly DA, Coe AW, Shenldn A, Lake BD, Walker-Smith JA. Symptomatic selenium deficiency in a child on home parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1988 7 783-6,... 

Moukarzel AA, Buchman AL, Salas JS, et al. Iodine supplementation in children receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr 1992 121 252-254. 

Shulman RJ, PhilUps S. Parenteral nutrition in infants and children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003 36 587-607. 

Mouser JF, Hak EB, Helms RA, et al. Chromium and zinc concentrations in pediatric patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. Am J Health Sys Pharm 1999 56 1950-1956. 

Klein GL, Leichter AM, Heyman MB, and the Patient Care Committee of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Aluminum in large and small volume parenterals used in total parenteral nutrition Response to the Food and Drug Administration notice proposed rule by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998 27 457-460. 

Bresson JL, et al. Energy substrate utihzation in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition with different glucose to fat ratios. Pediatr Res. 1989 25(6) 645-8. 

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