Cross-/! pattern

FIG. 14-17 Common liquid-flow patterns, cross-flow plates. (Smith, Design of Eqiiihhriiim Stage Processes, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963. )... 

Time-dependent, periodic, two-dimensional flows can result in streamlines that in one flow pattern cross the streamlines in another pattern, and this may lead to the stretching-and-folding mechanism that we discussed earlier, which results in very efficient mixing. In such flow situations, the outflow associated with a hyperbolic point can cross the region of inflow of the same or another hyperbolic point, leading, respectively, to homoclinic or heteroclinic intersections these are the fingerprints of chaos. 

On the way up, there was this music experience. Since I am a musician, he chose the music knowing that I was—and that part of it was incredible. It was OK to keep my eyes open or closed, since it didn t matter. To close my eyes felt better. My perceptions were getting disoriented, and when I dosed my eyes a lot of information started to happen. Colors, patterns, cross-connections in sensory perception. Sounds and inner visions got confused. 

The reciprocal plots in these patterns cross to the left of the vertical axis at... 

Figure 2.16, Scanning electron micrograph of resist images generated in a trilayer process. This figure shows the vertical walls and the absence of line width variations where the pattern crosses topographic features. Reproduced from reference 3. Copyright 1984 American Chemical Society)...

Figure 10.13. A. Rb MAS and DAS NMR spectra of RbCl (upper spectra) and RbNO.i (lower spectra) acquired at 11.7 T. B. Rb powder pattern cross-sections through the F2 dimension of a pure-phase MAS-detected DAS spectrum of RbNOj acquired at 11.7 T with simulations of the lineshapes from the 3 sites. From Baltisberger et at. (1992) by permission of the American Chemical Society.

Gas flow pattern—cross-flow, cocurrent, or countercurrent... 

Fig. 17.3. Thickening of the gastric layers up to 7 mm without disruption of the layers (arrows) and paragastric lymph node with a diameter of 9 mm with normal echogenic pattern (crosses) seen in a patient with low-grade gastric MALT-NHL...

The vertical intercepts of these plots will always vary with X (they represent the effect of X when I = 0), but the slopes will vary only if an EIX complex forms. If I can combine with EX as readily as with E, while X stiU inhibits the reaction in the absence of I, the apparent Ki for I is unchanged by the presence ofX, since both E and EX are avail le for reaction. Thus, the vertical intercepts vary with X but the horizontal intercept is constant and the pattern crosses on the horizontal axis. 

If the presence of X raises the dissociation constant of I, but not to infinity, the pattern will now cross below the horizontal axis (as in Fig. 7). If the presence of X lowers the dissociation constant of I, the patterns will cross above the horizontal axis. If a is above 1, the presence of one inhibitor hinders but does not prevent binding of the other, and the lines cross below the horizontal axis. If a = 1, binding is independent, and the pattern crosses on the horizontal axis. When is less than one, binding is synergistic and the crossover point is above the axis. The coordinates of the crossover point are / = —a/Ci, and i/uj (i/i>o)(i - a). One can calculate the value of otSTx from an analogous plot, simply by changing inhibitors on both axis. Finally, one has to determine Ki from separate competitive inhibition experiments in order to determine a. 

Slope replot Pattern crosses 1 Intersecting Intersecting... 

NSAID-induced cutaneous reactions occur in a number of different clinical patterns—cross-reacting NSAID-induced urticaria and angio-edema multiple NSAID-induced urticaria and angioedema single NSAID-induced urticaria and angioedema or anaphylaxis. 

For conventional probes, acoustic verification aims at characterizing the beam pattern, beam crossing, beam angle, sensitivity, etc., which are key characteristics in the acoustic interaction between acoustic beam and defect. For array transducers, obviously, it is also a meaning to check the acoustic capabilities of the probe. That is to valid a domain (angle beam, focus, etc.) in which the probe can operate satisfactorily. 

The individual spherulite shows up by the characteristic Maltese cross optical pattern under crossed Polaroids, although the Maltese cross is truncated in the event of impinging spherulites. 

A larger number of smaller spherulites are produced at larger undercoolings, a situation suggesting nucleation control. Various details of the Maltese cross pattern, such as the presence or absence of banding, may also depend on the temperature of crystallization. 

The advantage of single-pass over cross-flow filtration is that it is an easier system to operate and can be cost effective, particularly if the product to be filtered is expensive, because very tittle of the initial fluid is lost during filtration. However, because the flow pattern of the fluid is directly through the filter, filter life maybe too short for the fluid being filtered. The minimum flow rate needed downstream of the filter must also be considered, especially when there are time constraints to the process. In some situations it may be more advantageous to use a cross-flow system where higher flow rates may be easier to obtain. 

Cross Correlation. Considerable research has been devoted to correlation techniques where a tracer is not used. In these methods, some characteristic pattern in the flow, either natural or induced, is computer-identified at some point or plane in the flow. It is detected again at a measurable time later at a position slightly downstream. The correlation signal can be electrical, optical, or acoustical. This technique is used commercially to measure paper pulp flow and pneumatically conveyed soHds. 

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