Patient flow pattern

Third, the patient flow pattern in a chemical environment will be substantially altered. Treatment rates can be expected to be reduced because of the decontamination procedures that must be in place. Injuries that will be seen will range from severe to minor, with the latter probably constituting the majority. With some agents, the effects of chemical injury may not be readily apparent until after a de-... 

Naruo, T., Nakabeppu, Y., Sagiyama, K., Munemoto, T, Homan, N., Deguchi, D., Nakajo, M., and Nosoe, S. (2000) Characteristics regional cerebral blood flow patterns in anorexia nervosa patients with binge/purge behavior. Am J Psychiatry 157 1520-1522. 

Drawbacks of PC-MRA are seen in its susceptibility for patient movements and its impairment by pulsatile or turbulent flow patterns. The diagnostic sensitivity of 3D PC-MRA in intracranial stenosis is markedly lower than with 3D TOF-MRA (Oelerich et al. 1998). Advantages are the good suppression of stationary tissue signal with the lack of interference with short T1 tissues, and the depiction of large volumes without limitations due to spin saturation effects. 

Berzigotti A, Benfiglioli A, Muscari A, et al. (2005) Reduced prevalance of ischaemic events and abnormal aupraortic flow patterns in patients with liver cirrhosis. Liver Int 25 331-336. 

Because women with premature ovarian failure can have spontaneous pregnancies, the hormone therapy should produce regular, predictable menstrual flow patterns. If these patients miss an expected menses, they should be tested for pregnancy and promptly discontinue the hormone treatment. 

Figure 13 In vitro assessment of aerosol output in the European Standard. A simulated breathing pattern of 500 mL tidal volume and 15 breaths per minute is generated by a breathing machine in a sinus flow pattern. A low-resistance electrostatic filter at the patient interface collects all inhaled aerosol, which can he subsequently analyzed. Dead space in the tubing and filter is required to be <10% of tidal volume (i.e., <5 mL).

Over the past 10 years, electronic inhaler monitoring devices have been developed which record the date and time of actuations and can then be downloaded onto a computer. A record can then be printed which reflects a patient s pattern of inhaler use over a period of time. Electronic peak flow meters are also available which record and store peak flow values, along with date and time information. While these devices have generally been utilized exclusively for research, improved technologies are increasingly making their clinical application feasible. 

CiciNELLi et al. [5] described an interesting pattern of collateral flow between the uterine and ovarian arterial supply to the uterus. In doing measurements of blood flow in premenopausal women, this group found there is more blood flow to the uterus from the ovarian artery during the follicular phase, whereas in the luteal phase most of the uterus is supplied from the uterine artery. Whether this change in blood flow patterns is changed in patients with fibroids is not clear. No studies of the effect of the phase of the menstrual cycle on the effectiveness of uterine artery embolization have been performed at this point. 

Nanodrug delivery for tumor treatment involves the introduction of nanodrug-loaded multifunctional nanoparticles into cancer patients to eliminate/reduce tumors while minimizing systemic toxicity. Currently, this is being attempted through various techniques which take advantage of local blood flow pattern and unique characteristics of cancer cells and the... 

PPMV modes that permit spontaneous ventilatory activity are termed interactive modes, in that patients can affect various aspects of the mechanical ventilator s functions. These interactions can range from simple triggering of mechanical breaths to more complex processes affecting delivered flow patterns and breath timing. Interactive modes allow for inspiratory muscle activity which, when done at nonfatiguing or physiologic levels, may prevent muscle atrophy and facilitate recovery (31-34). Spontaneous patient ventilatory activity and comfortable interactive modes may improve ventilation and reduce the need for the sedation or neuromuscular blockers that may be required to prevent patients from fighting machine-controlled ventilation (27,35-37). 

The flow pattern in the main pulmonary artery differs between normals and patients with pulmonary hypertension. The latter have lower peak systolic velocity and greater retrograde flow during end systole. 

MDI delivery efficiency depends on the patient s inspiratory flow rate, breathing pattern and hand-mouth coordination. Increases in tidal volume and decreases in respiratory frequency enhance the peripheral deposition in the lung. Most patients need to be trained to use the MDI correctly, as up to 70% of patients fail to do so [26, 30]. 

O Sullivan M, Lythgoe DJ, Pereira AC, Summers PE, Jarosz JM, Williams SC, Markus HS (2002) Patterns of cerebral blood flow reduction in patients with ischemic leukoaraiosis. Neurology 59 321-326... 

Hendrikse and coworkers (2001) investigated whether the presence of borderzone infarcts is related to the collateral ability of the CW in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with unilateral occlusion of the ICA. They found that in patients with unilateral ICA occlusion, the presence of collateral flow via the posterior communicating artery in the circle of Willis is associated with a low prevalence of borderzone infarcts and that asymptomatic patients with an ICA occlusion do not have an increased collateral function of the CW. Figure 15.10 shows the four patterns of collateral flow via the CW to the hemisphere ipsilateral to the ICA occlusion. 

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