Pathogens human pathogenic protozoa

Human pathogenic protozoa such as Giardia, Entamoeba, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Isopora, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, and Cyclospora can be transferred via fecally contaminated water or vegetables (Armon et al., 2002). 

Similar to enteric viruses, protozoa require a suitable host for replication but can persist within nonhost environments for significant time periods (Sidhu and Toze, 2009). The main source of human protozoan is from direct contact with humans although foodbome sources can also represent a significant vehicle (Sidhu and Toze, 2009 Thompson et al., 2008). All of these human pathogenic protozoa cause diarrhea-like symptoms except Toxoplasma, which causes fetal damage and glandular fever-like syndrome (Dumetre and Darde, 2003). 

Negm, A.Y. 2003. Human pathogenic protozoa in bivalves collected from local markets in Alexandria. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 33, 991-998. 

The potential use of inhibitors of ADP-ribosyltransferase for blocking the differentiation of pathogenic protozoa in human disease probably rests on the development of compounds which preferentially inhibit the protozoan enzymes. Currently available inhibitors were originally identified by their effects on ADP-ribosyltransferases from the cells of vertebrates and cannot therefore be specific for the protozoan enzymes. 

Streptomyces sp. AK409 Pyrocoll Arthrobacter strains. Filamentous fungi, pathogenic protozoa, human tumor cell lines Dieter et al. (2003)... 

Viruses are the 2nd most problematic pathogen, behind protozoa. As with protozoa, most waterborne viral diseases don t present a lethal hazard to a healthy adult. Waterborne pathogenic viruses range in size from 0.020-0.030 jtim, and are too small to be filtered out by a mechanical filter. All waterborne enteric viruses affecting humans occur solely in humans, thus animal waste doesn t present much of a viral threat. At the present viruses don t present a major hazard to people drinking surface water in the U.S., but this could change in a survival situation as the level of human sanitation is reduced. Viruses do tend to show up even in remote areas, so a case can be made for eliminating them now. 

Human infections with Salmonella spp. and E. coli 0157 H7 are a common worldwide phenomenon. Livestock may serve as a source of several relevant human pathogenic microorganisms (Table 19.2). The most prevalent group is the enteric pathogens which include bacteria, viruses and parasites (i.e. protozoa and helminths). Animals may shed pathogens through excreta without... 

The immune system protects humans and animals from microbial infections by such infectious agents as bacteria, yeasts and fungi, viruses and protozoa. These differ greatly not only in their size but in their structural and molecular properties, as well as in the ways in which they seek to infect our bodies. Some of these pathogens infect bodily fluids, some penetrate tissues and some even survive and multiply within individual host cells. These intracellular pathogens include viruses, some parasitic protozoa (such as Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, which infects erythrocytes) and... 

Sialidases have a wider distribution in Nature than have the sialic acids. They have been found in a variety of viruses (mainly ortho- and para-myxoviruses) which do not usually contain sialic acids,in many pathogenic and nonpathogcnic bacteria,110-3 10 -30H in several strains of the fungus Streptomyces alhus,309 in such protozoa as Trichomonas foetus,310,311 and in animal, including human, tissues.110,312... 

Up through 1980, people thought that all infectious diseases were caused by microbes of some sort. They knew about diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. There were some strange diseases, however, for which no one had isolated and cultured the pathogen. Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans, scrapie in sheep, and transmissible encephalopathy in mink (TME) all involved a slow, gradual loss of mental function and eventual death. The brains of the victims all showed unusual plaques of amyloid protein surrounded by spongelike tissue. 

Food borne pathogens cause millions of cases of disease and hundreds of deaths each year in the United States alone. Frequently the responsible microbes are bacteria, viruses, or protozoa that usually reside in the intestinal tract of humans or other creatures. Examples of microorganisms mclViAQ Escherichia coli 0157 H7, Campylobacter jejuni, and rotavirus. 

---