Pathogenic proteins interaction with

Figure 16.1 Mechanisms of chemokine inhibition by the CKBPs encoded by pathogens. Chemokines interact with CACs present at the surface ofendothelial cells and are presented to the leukocytes. The chemokine receptors expressed at the surface of leukocytes interact with chemokines and intracellular signaling is triggered to induce cell migration. The CKBPs may have broad chemokine binding specificity, such as the poxvirus 35-kDa protein, the gammaherpesvirus M3 protein orthe MYXVM-...

Dyer, M. D., T. M. Murali, and B. W. Sobral. (2Ci08). The landscape of human proteins interacting with viruses and other pathogens. PLoS Pathog 4 e32 Feb 8. 

After this, we demonstrated the ability of wheat anionic POs to bind to the chitin of the cell walls of fungal pathogens. We called these POs "chitin-binding POs" (Maksimov et al., 2003). We were the first to demonstrate the binding of the anionic PO of wheat root to chitin (Maksimov et al., 1994). Besides this, we observed that in some species the activity of POs was increased in the unbound Armoracia rustkana, Lagenaria siceraria) or eluted Pisum sativum, Galega orientalis, Brassica oleraceae) fractions of proteins after interaction with chitin. 

Formation of antigens from the intracellular degradation of pathogens The proteolytic system hydrolyses proteins of pathogens that are present within the host cell (e.g. a virus), to produce a short peptide which forms a complex with a specific protein, known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein. The peptide is, in fact, the antigen. At the plasma membrane, the MHC protein locates within the membrane and the small peptide sits on the outside of the membrane, where it can interact with the receptor on a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte to kill the host cell and the virus (Chapter 17). 

The class II proteins are produced mainly within specific cells, known as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Their role is to prepare antigens derived from the pathogens in such a way that they can interact with the T-helper cell receptor. Since this is their only role, they are sometimes called professional antigen-presenting cells , i.e. other immune cells can also present peptides to T-helper cells (e.g. macrophages, B-lymphocytes) but this is not their prime role. The professional APCs are also known as dendritic cells. 

The use of hairy roots for the production of biopharmaceuticals has been studied extensively and has been discussed in Chapter 1 of this book. To date, over 116 different plant species have been induced to produce hairy roots in culture (Guillon, 2006). Originally, an expression system was developed for protein production based on the natural secretion from roots of intact plants. In order to take up nutrients from the soil, interact with other soil organisms, and defend themselves against numerous pathogens, plant roots have developed sophisticated mechanisms based upon... 

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