Particles, chemical characterization

Gundel, L. A., J. M. Daisey, L. R. F. de Carvalho, N. Y. Kado, and D. Schuetzle, Polar Organic Matter in Airborne Particles Chemical Characterization and Mutagenic Activity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2112-2119 (1993). 

Now, we would like to investigate adsorption of another fluid of species / in the pore filled by the matrix. The fluid/ outside the pore has the chemical potential at equilibrium the adsorbed fluid / reaches the density distribution pf z). The pair distribution of / particles is characterized by the inhomogeneous correlation function /z (l,2). The matrix and fluid species are denoted by 0 and 1. We assume the simplest form of the interactions between particles and between particles and pore walls, choosing both species as hard spheres of unit diameter... 

The chemical characterization of aerosol particles currently is of great interest in the field of atmospheric chemistry. A major goal is the development of a method for continuous elemental analysis of aerosols, especially for the elements C, N, and S. Chemiluminescence reactions described in this chapter have adequate sensitivity and selectivity for such analyses. In fact, considering that a 1- j.m-diameter particle has a mass of =0.5-1.0 pg, online analysis of single aerosol particles should be achievable, especially for larger particles. 

Elemental maps obtained using an ion microprobe will be highly surface specific as in SAM. However, since ion sputtering is destructive, repeated scans over the field of particles will penetrate deeper and deeper into the particle interiors. McHugh and Stevens have demonstrated the utility of IMP elemental maps in the identification and chemical characterization of oil soot particles in the atmosphere (38). 

Linton, R. W., Physico-Chemical Characterization of Environmental Particles Using Surface Microanalytical Techniques , Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 1977. 

Currie LA, Klouda GA, Continetti RE, Kaplan IR, Wong WW, Dzubay TG, Stevens RK, On the origin of carbonaceous particles in American cities Results of radiocarbon dating and chemical characterization. Radiocarbon 25 603-614, 1983. 

Matijevic, E. Partsch, R.E. (2000) Synthesis of monodispersed colloids by chemical reactions. In Sugimoto.T. (ed.) Fine Particles Synthesis, Characterization and Mechanism of Growth. Marcel Dekker, New York Matijevic, E. Sapieszko, R.S. (2000) Forced hydrolysis in homogeneous solutions. In Sugi-moto, T. (ed.) Fine Particles. Basel, Marcel Dekker, 2-34... 

Particle size distributions of smaller particles have been made using electrical mobility analyzers and diffusion batteries, (9-11) instruments which are not suited to chemical characterization of the aerosol. Nonetheless, these data have made major contributions to our understanding of particle formation mechanisms (1, 1 ). At least two distinct mechanisms make major contributions to the aerosols produced by pulverized coal combustors. The vast majority of the aerosol mass consists of the ash residue which is left after the coal is burned. At the high temperatures in these furnaces, the ash melts and coalesces to form large spherical particles. Their mean diameter is typically in the range 10-20 pm. The smallest particles produced by this process are expected to be the size of the mineral inclusions in the parent coal. Thus, we expect few residual ash particles smaller than a few tenths of a micrometer in diameter (12). 

Hughes, L. S., G. R. Cass, J. Gone, M. Ames, and I. Olniez, Physical and Chemical Characterization of Atmospheric Ultrafine Particles in the Los Angeles Area, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1153-1161 (1998). 

Ohta, S., M. Hori, S. Yamagata, and N. Murao, Chemical Characterization of Atmospheric Fine Particles in Sapporo with Determination of Water Content, Atmos. Environ., 32, 1021-1025 (1998). 

Chuang, J. C., S. A. Wise, S. Cao, and J. L. Mumford, Chemical Characterization of Mutagenic Fractions of Particles from Indoor Coal Combustion A Study of Lung Cancer in Xuan Wei, China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 999-1004(1992). 

Cox, X. B., and R. W. Linton, Particle Analysis by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, in Physical and Chemical Characterization of Individual Airborne Particles (K. R. Spurny, Ed.), Chap. 18, pp. 341-357, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1986. 

Dale, J. M M. Yang, W. B. Whitten, and J. M. Ramsey, Chemical Characterization of Single Particles by Laser Ablation/Desorp-tion in a Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 66, 3431-3435 (1994). 

Arsenic analysis of Che other waste streams at HP s facility completed the chemical characterization. Results are listed in Table 2.2-1 and illustrated in Figures 2.2-2, 2.2-3 and 2.2-4. Figure 2.2-2 indicates the sources and amounts of the average monthly arsenic weights chat are produced at HP s San Jose facility (Table 2.2-1 data column 2). The most important point here is that nearly all (about 94%) of the arsenic that flows to the HF Treatment System is from the Slurry Recovery process and is essentially all solid GaAs particles. The remainder is entirely soluble arsenic from the cleaning and etching processes. 

Manoli E, Voutsa D, Samara C (2002) Chemical characterization and source identification/ apportionment of fine and coarse air particles in Thessaloniki, Greece. Atmos Environ 36 (6) 949-961... 

Ebert M, Weinbruch S, Hoffmann P, Ortner HM (2004) The chemical characterization and complex refractive index of rural and urban influenced aerosols determined by individual particle analysis. Atmos Environ 38 6531-6545... 

Hueglin, C., Gehrig, R., Baltensperger, U., Gysel, M., Monn, C., and Vonmont, H. (2005). Chemical characterization of PM2.5, PM10 and coarse particles at urban, near-city and rural sites in Switzerland. Atmos. Environ. 39,637-651. 

Perret, D., Newman, M.E., Negre, J.-C., Chen, Y. and Buffle, J. (1994) Submicron particles in the Rhine river - I. Physico-chemical characterization. Water Res., 28, 91-106. 

In this chapter technical applications are described which are of utmost interest for mechanical and chemical engineers working with particles in the nano size regime. These are the control of production processes of carbon blacks and of non-carbonous and metallic particles, the characterization of soot in automotive applications and the investigation of in liquids suspended particles. 

After the collection of particles, it is useful to determine the chemical characteristics of the material. This can be accomplished in terms of analysis of a whole sample corresponding to the total mass concentration, or it can be done on a size-fractionated basis. In some cases, individual particles can also be examined. Chemical characterization is very important when one is considering a heterogeneous collection of aerosol particles such as those found in the ambient air or in the workplace. These include whole sample microscopic analysis by collected batch, as well as continuous measurement. 

Hughes LS, Cass GR, Gone J, et al. 1998. Physical and chemical characterization of atmospheric ultrafine particles in the Los Angeles area. Environ Sci Technol 32(9) 1153-1161. 

In this section we focus on four specific environmental problems coal combustion aerosol formation, dynamics of atmospheric aerosols, the chemical characterization of particles, and the role of aerosols in clean room technology or so-called microcontamination control. For the reader interested in an introduction to aerosol science, we recommend three texts [6-8]. 

Figure 2. Analysis sequence for chemical characterization of a particle on a substrate medium (a) XPS b) AES (c) ISS (d) SIMS. Copyright 1986. Electric Power Research Institute. EPRI TB.EAE.4.4.86 Atmospheric Particles [53], Reprinted with permission.

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