Particles ball-like

O.D. Velev, K. Furusawa, and K. Nagayama Assembly of Latex Particles by Using Emulsion Droplets as Templates. 2. Ball-Like and Composite Aggregates. Langmuir 12, 2385 (1996). 

For elastic collisions we examine this energy balance in further details considering hard sphere billiard ball like particles. In the laboratory frame the equations of motion for each of the interacting particles are ... 

In another HFCVD experiment, the influence of gas pressure on diamond film coverage and crystal size was studied. As shown in Fig. 6, the crystal size and surface coverage attain a maximum at 1.3 kPa ( 10 torr). Crystal quality and phase purity are both optimized around a pressure value of 4 kPa (30 torr). At 665 Pa ( 5 torr) an amorphous film covers the substrate and ball-like particles form. 

A fundamental principle of science is that simpler models are more useful than complex ones—as long as they explain the data. You can certainly appreciate the usefulness of the kinetic-molecular theory. With simple postulates, it explains the behavior of the ideal gases in terms of particles acting like infinitesimal billiard balls, moving at speeds governed by the absolute temperature, and experiencing only perfectly elastic collisions. 

As can be seen they are in good agreement with the SEM results Fig. 2.28b ball-like particles Fig. 2.28c spongy particles Fig. 2.28d compact agglomerates. Although for Co powder different types of agglomerates are present, it is quite obvious that all Co powder... 

It is necessary to note that almost all morphological forms presented in this chapter can be explained by the above discussion, being dependent on the stage of the agglomerates, i.e., the moment when they detached from the electrode surface. It is most likely that the form presented in Fig. 2.30 should be considered as the initial stage of the growth of a second generation of dendrites, clearly detected on a cross section of ball-like particles presented in Fig. 2.29a. 

No attractions or repulsions between particles collisions like billiard ball collisions... 

Fig. 2 Conformations of semiflexible polyelectrolyte chains adsorbed on a spherical colloidal particle for various salt concentrations C and stiffness iang (from [95]). With increasing stiffness, the adsorbed polyelectrolyte undergoes conformational changes from tennis ball-like patterns to solenoid-like structures. The adsorption threshold depends on salt concentration and polyelectrolyte stiffness. More details of the underlying Monte Carlo simulations are provided in Ref. [95]...

Ball like polymer particles with high bulk density afford high polymer content in the reactor vessel and thus the highest yield and most favorable economics. 

Dilute the dichloromethane solution of triacetic acid cellulose with heptanol and add this mixed solution to a gelatin aqueous solution. Agitate and add heat to 30°C and remove the dichloromethane that is in the suspended particle. When placing this particle in a sodium hydroxide solution, the ester is saponified and a ball-like particle of cellulose is obtained. 

Figure 14.18 shows two SEM pictures of the SBS qualities used for these studies. Micronised SBS (Fig. 14.18, left) with a X5o,3 = 1.69 0.01 pm revealed needlelike structures, whereas spray dried SBS (Fig. 14.18, right) with a 50.3 = 2.35 0.02 pm showed spheres with a golf ball-like surface structure. The particle size measurements of both batches ensured that the drug is small enough to be inhaled [11, 33]. 

Particle Shape and Structure. Some materials exhibit particular properties owing to their particle shape or form, eg, the plate-like minerals talcum and mica or acicular woUastonite. It is often desired to maintain particle shape in such cases, an impact-type mill is usually chosen rather than a ball mill, as the latter tends to alter the original particle shape. 

Dalton pictured atoms as featureless spheres, like billiard balls. Today, we know that atoms have an internal structure they are built from even smaller subatomic particles. In this book, we deal with the three major subatomic particles the electron, the proton, and the neutron. By investigating the internal structure of atoms, we can come to see how one element differs from another and see how their properties are related to the structures of their atoms. 

The de Broglie equation predicts that eveiy particle has wave characteristics. The wave properties of subatomic particles such as electrons and neutrons play important roles in their behavior, but larger particles such as Ping-Pong balls or automobiles do not behave like waves. The reason is the scale of the waves. For all except subatomic particles, the wavelengths involved are so short that we are unable to detect the wave properties. Example illustrates this. 

Things on a very small scale behave like nothing you have any direct experience about. They do not behave like waves, they do not behave like particles, they do not behave like clouds or billiard balls or weights on springs, or like anything that you have ever seen. 

This quantity is of great importance, since it actually contains all information about electron correlation, as we will see presently. Like the density, the pair density is also a non-negative quantity. It is symmetric in the coordinates and normalized to the total number of non-distinct pairs, i. e., N(N-l).8 Obviously, if electrons were identical, classical particles that do not interact at all, such as for example billiard balls of one color, the probability of finding one electron at a particular point of coordinate-spin space would be completely independent of the position and spin of the second electron. Since in our model we view electrons as idealized mass points with no volume, this would even include the possibility that both electrons are simultaneously found in the same volume element. In this case the pair density would reduce to a simple product of the individual probabilities, i.e.,... 

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