Particle crowds behavior

In impinging streams particle crowds exhibit two important contradictory behaviors as follows ... 

Beyond question, residence time distribution is one of the most important behaviors of particle crowds in impinging streams. This will be discussed in detail in the next chapter as it involves many complex problems. 

In nature, residence time distribution is an important behavior of particle crowds because of its complexity, it will be subject of focus in this chapter. 

Figure 15.3 indicates that for the silica microspheres, the potential and viscosity both follow the expected behavior predicted by the classical DLVO theory. On the other hand, the nanosize fnmed silica exhibits a discrepancy between the expectation of DLVO theory and the experimental results that is, as the of the nanosize fumed silica increases, viscosity sharply increases. Hence factors such as particle crowding, particle ordering, and electroviscous effects will also impact viscosity, in addition to aggregate or network formation. 

Suspensions can show varying rheological, or viscosity, behaviors. Sometimes these properties are due to stabilizing agents in the suspension. However, typically particle-particle interactions are sufficient to cause the suspension viscosity to increase because of electrostatic interactions or simply particle crowding. ... 

Just as a gliding air-hockey puck models a reboimding gas particle, Figure 10.7 shows that marbles in a beaker model some behaviors of liquids. When liquids form puddles, interparticle forces maintain their volmne but not their shape. The particles of a liquid can slide past each other, but they are so close together that they don t move as straight or as smoothly as an air-hockey puck. When you try to walk across a crowded sidewalk, you can t move quickly in a straight line, either. 

---