Parasites irradiation

Essential for induction ofthe/Z-5 gene in inflammatory reactions is the binding site for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). NF-kB responds to cytokines, stress, free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial, viral, or even parasitic antigens [2]. NF-kB stands for a family of subunits, which form homo-, and heterodimers. All NF-kB proteins share a highly conserved DNA-binding/dimerization domain called the Rel homology domain (RHD) consisting of two (3-strand core domains... 

The bactericidal effects of ionizing radiation have been known for a century, and for over 80 years it has been known that ionizing radiation kills the Ttichinella spiralis parasite, which infects raw pork. By the mid-1970s, international experts had concluded that irradiating foods preserves them without creating any toxicological hazards. Only in the last decade, however, has preservation by irradiation been applied commercially. 

In contrast to NA which remain largely uncharacterized, better defined parasite proteins have been identified for which localization and interactions within the host cell remain ill-defined. Despite results from irradiated newborn larva experiments, a- and p-stichocyte proteins cannot be excluded from a regulatory role in host muscle cells. For instance, p43 was described as having a potential helix-loop-helix (HLH) motif (Vassilatis et al., 1992). In a manner similar to the inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) (Benezra et al., 1990), this motif in p43 might antagonize the... 

Another interesting observation is that several species of filarial nematodes have been shown to express chitinase (Fuhrman, 1995). Indeed the chitinase of A. viteae infective stage larvae (L3) is the main target of the protective humoral immune response when jirds are vaccinated with irradiated attenuated L3s (Adam et al., 1996 see also Chapter 10). It remains to be established whether there is an interaction between the parasite s oligo-chitin A-glycans and chitinase and whether such an interaction has a role to play in parasite-host interaction. 

The objective of irradiation of food with y-rays is elimination of parasitizing insects, fungi, and bacteria to prevent premature spoiling of the food and the outbreak of diseases. In addition, retardation of aging and ripening of fruits and vegetables can be achieved. In the Federal Republic of Germany, irradiation of food with the exception of spices is not permissible. 

Basophils Irradiation Pernicious anemia Parasitism Lead poisoning ... 

Parasite Mode of Infection Dose (kGy) Effect of Irradiation... 

Another and more convincing explanation for this discrepancy of previous and recent studies related to the inactivation of Cryptosporidium refers to the methods of viability testing. So, it seems that in vitro viability assays (chemical excystation and vital stains) that have been used previously may have significantly underestimated the inactivation efficacy of UV-C irradiation of the parasites compared with in vivo infectivity assays applied in recent studies using neonatal mouse models (Craik et al, 2001). This was also demonstrated by UV inactivation of Giardia muris cysts using MP Hg lamps (Craik et al., 2000). 

In, this mini book we have focused our attention to the application of micro-wave irradiation in synthesis of various important heterocyclic organic compounds viz. pyrazoles, imidazoles, oxazoles, thiazoles, oxadiazoles, oxazolines, triazoles, triazines, benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles and benzthiazoles. The selected heterocyclic moieties are synthetically important due to their interesting pharmacological properties (anti-HIV, anti-parasitic, anti-histaminic, anti-cancer, anti-malarial etc.). 

A small field trial of irradiated P. falciparum sporozoites produced 90% protection for 10 months. In addition to the fact that plasmiidia go through antigenic changes, the pt-mi-site is very polymorphic. There is real concern that a vaccine that did not include a spectrum of Plasmoditun variants could cause development of parasites of even greater virulence. 

More recently, modem food processing technologies using irradiation or high pressure treatment were analyzed for the inactivation of the parasite with promising results (Kijlstra and Jongert, 2008a). 

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