Paradigm, unifying

Chemistry may be a unifying force for studies of global environmental phenomena, since chemists have a common paradigm and may be able to facilitate the aggregation or disaggregation of data to the temporal and spatial resolutions needed for global studies more rapidly than other disciplines. The American Chemical Society might provide a forum for... 

Van Lanen, S.G., Oh, T.J., Liu, W. et al. (2007) Characterization of the maduropeptin biosynthetic gene cluster from Actinomadura madurae ATCC 39144 supporting a unifying paradigm for enediyne biosynthesis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129, 13082. 

Donor/acceptor association and the electron-transfer paradigm form the unifying theme for the C—C bond cleavage of various benzpinacols and diary-lethane-like donors in the presence of different electron acceptors (such as chloranil (CA), dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ), tetracyanobenzene (TCNB), triphenylpyrylium (TPP+), methyl viologen, nitrosonium cation, etc.). Scheme 13 reminds us how this is achieved by either CT photolysis of the D/A pair or via diffusional quenching of the excited electron acceptor A by the electron donor D. 

The electron-transfer paradigm for chemical reactivity in Scheme 1 (equation 8) provides a unifying mechanistic basis for various bimolecular reactions via the identification of nucleophiles as electron donors and electrophiles as electron acceptors according to Chart 1. Such a reclassification of either a nucleophile/ electrophile, an anion/cation, a base/acid, or a reductant/oxidant pair under a single donor/acceptor rubric offers a number of advantages previously unavailable, foremost of which is the quantitative prediction of reaction rates by invoking the FERET in equation (104). 

This link of central state to peripheral outflow unifies Hans Selye s concept of stress to Cannon s fight or flight paradigm and places both in a model that specifies, to a first approximation, the way that brain-mind state control systems can coordinate the complex array of processes that are involved. The twin beneficiaries of our model and the interventions illuminated by it are nothing less than mental and bodily health. 

Modern neuroscience has permitted us to build the scientific base that Freud wanted but which psychoanalysis had to do without. Part II treats two foundational themes of psychoanalysis, dreaming (chapter 4) and dissociation (chapter 5), showing that we can understand mind, brain, and drug action within a new unified conceptual framework. To emphasize this paradigm shift, I introduce the notion of neurodynamics and show how many processes previously considered to be exclusively psychodynamic are actually embodied in brain anatomy and physiology. 

The search for relationships among the dynamic and equilibrium properties of related series of compounds has been a paradigm of chemists for many years. The discovery of such unifying principles and predictive relationships has practical benefits. Numerous relationships exist among the structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, and/or biological qualities of classes of related compounds. Perhaps the best-known attribute relationships are the correlations between reaction rate constants and equilibrium constants for related reactions commonly known as linear tree-energy relationships (LFERs). The LFER concept led to the broader concepts of QSARs, which seek to predict the environmental fate of related compounds based on correlations between their bioactivity or physicochemical properties and structural features. For example, therapeutic response, environmental fate, and toxicity of organic compounds have been correlated with... 

T.F. Quatieri and R.J. McAulay Audio Signal Processing Based on Sinusoidal Analysis/Synthesis. One of the basic paradigms of digital audio analysis, coding (i.e. analysis/synthesis) and synthesis systems is the sinusoidal model. It has been used for many systems from speech coding to music synthesis. The chapter contains the unified view of both the basics of sinusoidal analysis/synthesis and some of the applications. 

A further divide between risk analysts arises between realism and constructionism, but this debate can be seen as unifying positivist and relativist approaches. Constructionism considers how social and cultural perspectives influence risk definitions and interpretations [12]. In comparison, realists exclude social and cultural phenomena in their reference of risk, but do acknowledge their existence [12]. Constructionism resembles constrained relativism and does not represent the paradigms of the unconstrained relativists. For positivists and realists, acknowledging risk perceptions provides a potential framework to incorporate the risk perceptions into their process of risk analysis because risk perceptions can be subject to scientific analysis as social phenomena. 

Ajaya, Swami. Psychotherapy East and West A Unifying Paradigm. Honesdale, Pa. Himalayan Publishers, 1984. 

At present, we are somewhere in-between these points the barrier to utilizing GPU hardware for general purpose computation has been reduced by the introduction of general purpose GPU programming models such as NVIDIA s Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) [15] and AMD s Stream [20]. However, algorithmic paradigm shifts are often required in existing codes to maximize such performance offered by the massively parallel GPU hardware. 

The software environment used within complex and creative design and development processes usually comprises tools from different disciplines, vendors, and usage paradigms. Each of these tools is normally based on its own proprietary model and contains only some generic import and/or export functions. A unified access structure is generally missing that would allow to access all the resources and results over the full lifetime of a project. 

Let us make the constructive hypothesis that the extraordinary similarity between the structures adopted by short tubes in the marginally compact phase and the building blocks of protein native-state structures is not a mere coincidence. We postulate instead that the tube picture presented above is a paradigm for understanding protein structures. Quite generally, such postulates are of limited utility unless one is able to unify seemingly unrelated aspects of the problem and make new predictions amenable to experimental verification. In our case, although the tube idea is theoretical, a wealth of experimental data is already available on proteins. Before we proceed to explore the consequences of our hypothesis, we... 

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