Panulirus Interruptus

It is noted that in the deoxygenated form of haemocyanin from Panulirus interruptus the Cu/Cu separation is notably shorter 3.54 A.10... 

The deoxy forms of hemocyanins are colorless, as a result of their 3d ° dicopper(I) centers. Although chemical and x-ray absorption spectroscopic studies had shed considerable light on the nature of the deoxy-He dicopper binding site, there now exist two x-ray crystal structures, the first on the the spiny lobster He, Panulirus interruptus [23], and a recent one of the horseshoe crab Limulus II protein [24], The structures exhibit rather different active-site characteristics, and since the former was crystallized at low pH and possesses rather odd copper coordination, the latter Limulus II structure is probably representative. It indicates that the two Cu(I) ions are 4.6 A apart, each found in a trigonal-planar coordination environment with Cu-NMs bond distances of about 2.0 A (Figure 1). Intersubunit 02 binding cooperative effects are probably initiated and trans-... 

Zimmer-Faust, R. F., Tyre, J. E., and Case, J. F., Chemical attraction causing aggregation in the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus (Randall), and its probable ecological significance, Biol. Bull., 169, 106, 1985. 

Recent studies have examined the chemical basis of sea hare response to attack and have identified amino acid constituents in the opaline glands and ink secretions of A. californica that stimulate a false feeding response ( phagomimicry ) as well as confused behavior in the shiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) 194-195 Both ink and opaline secretions are acidic, believed to enhance behavioral responses.196 The importance of inking as a deterrent mechanism is revealed by feeding assays in which reef fish consumed frozen mollusks but did not eat live specimens.43... 

Figure 2 Active sites of hemocyanins from horseshoe crab L. polyphemus (a oxy b deoxy), spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus (c), sweet potato Ipomoea batatas (d), Octopus dofleini (e), Rapana thomasiana (f). Cleary the four alpha-helix bundle motif with the metal center can be seen. The three histidines coordinating Cu-A are colored red, those coordinating Cu-B green. The two copper atoms are colored blue and oxygen red. The cysteines binding covalently a histidine at the Cu-A site are colored yellow. In the case of Ipomoea, a water molecule connects the two copper atoms...

Crustacea Decapoda Panulirus interruptus (subunit type a) (spiny lobster) 29.6 11.3 0.8... 

The carbohydrate content of the lx6-mer He of Astacus leptodactylus is essentially the same as that of the (1 x6-mer) He of Panulirus interruptus, but the A. leptodactylus 2x6-mer He contains considerably less carbohydrate. This is in agreement with the proposal [27] that the carbohydrate chains prevent 2x6-mer formation. The near absence of carbohydrate in the large Hcs from Limulus polyphemus (8x6-mer) and... 

N-linked carbohydrate chains from Panulirus interruptus hemocyanin [17,18]... 

Diagram of the structure of deoxyhemocyanin from Panulirus interruptus at 3.2 A resolution (A) The hexameric arrangement of subunits (B) The domain structure of one subunit (C) The tertiary structure of domain 2, which contains the pair of copper atoms a-helices are represented by cylinders /3-strands by arrows, and copper atoms by diamonds (D) The active site and its histidine ligands. Reproduced with permission from B. Linzen, Science 229 (1985), 519-524. 

Fig. 28.8 The structure of deoxyhaemocyanin from the spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus) (a) the backbone of the protein chain and the positions of the two Cu(I) centres, and (b) the active site in which the two Cu(I) centres are bound by histidine residues, (c) The 02-binding site in oxyhaemocyanin from the Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). Hydrogen atoms are omitted colour code Cu, brown C, grey O, red N, blue.

Hemocyanins are large, multisubunit dioxygen transporting proteins found in the hemolymph of many invertebrate species of the phyla of molluscs and arthropods 14). The subunits of molluscan hemocyanins contain functional units with a molecular weight of about 50,000 Da, each of which contains a dioxygen binding dicopper center. Arthropodal hemocyanins occur as hexamers, or multihexamers of subunits with a molecular weight of about 75,000 Da. As shown by the comparison of various X-ray crystal structures of the proteins from Panulirus interruptus (IS), Limulus polyphemus... 

Spencer M, Linberg KA (1986) Ultrastructure of aesthetasc innervation and external morphology of the lateral antennule setae of the spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus (Randall). Cell Tiss Res 245 69-80... 

Garm A, Shabani S, Hoeg JT, Derby CD (2005) Chemosensory neurons in the mouthparts of the spiny lobsters Panulirus argus and Panulirus interruptus (Crustacea Decapoda). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 314 175-186... 

DEXTER D M (1972) Molting and growth in laboratory reared phyllosomas of the California spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus , Calif Fish Game, 58, 107-115. 

JOHNSTON M w (1956) The larval development of the California spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus with notes on Panulirus gracilis , Proc Calif Acad Sci, 29, 775-793. 

More work on the combined application of XAS with ESR can be seen in the study of Panulirus interruptus hemocyanin in the crystalline state," straw lignin," and the hydrogen binding site in hydrogenase." ... 

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