Pancreatic and Related Hormones

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Arch Pharmacol 338 368-72 Szabo B, Hedler L, Starke K (1989) Facilitation of the release of noradrenaline an extra-adrenal effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Resuscitation 18 229-42 Tatemoto K (2004) Neuropeptide Y history and overview. In Michel MC (ed) Neuropeptide Y and related peptides, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 162. Springer, Berlin, pp 1-21 Tatemoto K, Carlquist M, Mutt V (1982) Neuropeptide Y - a novel brain peptide with structural similarities to peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. Nature 296 659-60... 

APP is released from PP cells adjacent to the A cells of the pancreas. It circulates as a dimer in concentrations up to 4 nM in birds (Table 7.1), which is 30-50 times that of the mammalian counterpart (Hazelwood, 1993b). It is released in response to elevated levels of amino acids or fatty acids, hypoglycaemia or nerve stimulation (Hazelwood, 1984). Its effects are diverse and include inhibition of exocrine pancreatic and intestinal secretioa and inhibition of intestinal motility. APP and the two related hormones, PYY from the intestine and NPY from the brain, have overlapping biological actions concerned with feeding behaviour and selection of nutrients. 

The hormone pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a 36 amino acid peptide, which is closely related to neuropeptide Y and peptide YY PP is mainly found in pancreatic cells distinct from those storing insulin, glucagon or somatostatin. It acts on receptors that belong to the family of neuropeptide Y receptors, particularly on the Y4 subtype. 

Glucagon is a second pancreatic hormone that, like insulin, influences carbohydrate metabolism. However, most of its actions oppose those of insulin. The enkephalins and endorphins are the body s natural painkillers they are thought to be responsible for runner s high. These, among many others, are proteins or are closely related to them. 

Due to repeat dose toxicity study findings being restricted to high dose levels with reversibility demonstrated, it is concluded that HP-P-CD is a well tolerated excipient. For carcinogenicity study, urinary tract changes were reported as due to osmotic necrosis, intestinal tumours were related to increased osmotic activity and pancreatic tumours were shown to be due to rat-specific hormonal stimulation... 

The purpose of this chapter is to review the normal physiologic roles of the pancreatic hormones and to describe the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus has many sequelae that influence patients neuromuscular and cardiovascular functioning. Patients with diabetes mellitus often undergo physical rehabilitation for problems related to the condition. Consequently, the nature of diabetes mellitus and the pharmacotherapeutic treatment of this disease are important to physical therapists and occupational therapists. 

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors are a class of G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by the closely related peptide hormones NPY, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. These receptors are involved in control of a diverse set of behavioural processes, including appetite, circadian rhythm and anxiety. AgRP is a receptor antagonist of CNS melanocortin receptors and appears to have an important role in the control of food intake. Hypothalamic POMC neurons are important mediators in the regulation of feeding behaviour, insulin levels and ultimately body weight. 

Additional diabetes related studies in rats or mice fed copper-deficient diets document impaired synthesis or release of thyroid stimulating hormone in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone [421 ], atrophy of pancreatic acinar tissue [422, 423, 424] impaired release of pancreatic amylase [413], and increased glycosylated haemoglobin [425]. 

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