Pairwise comparison method

The first pairwise comparison method used for camouflage evaluation is the Law of Comparative Judgment (LCJ). LCJ is a psychophysical tool for performance evaluation, developed by Thurstone and described by Torgerson (1958). It is a... 

The second forced-choice pairwise comparison method is the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). During a LCJ evalnation the observers only need to state which pattern they perceive as better, while with AHP they also need to state by how much the one design is better than the other. Banmbach has fonnd the AHP to be a more meaningful method to evaluate camouflage patterns (Baumbach, 2008 2010). The first reason for it to be a more effective method is that the result for AHP is expressed on a scale from 0 to 100. The resnlt for LCJ is expressed as values on an open-ended scale, which makes comparison between different test... 

Uses both rating method and pairwise comparison method with a numerical scale of 1 through 9 (1 = equal importance 9 = most important). 

Table 4.5-8 Requirements for Paired Coinparisons List of all human errors analyzed using this method, Expert tables generated during the pairwise comparisons,...

It tests all linear contrasts among the population means (the other three methods confine themselves to pairwise comparison, except they use a Bonferroni type correlation procedure). 

It is commonly accepted that protein structure is more conserved in evolution than sequence (Holm and Sander, 1996 Holm and Sander, 1997). Indeed, recent benchmarking experiments have shown that pairwise sequence comparison methods detect only a small fraction of subtle relationships between proteins, which become apparent from comparison of experimentally determined three-dimensional (3D) structures... 

Carlo test (Manly, 1997) using the chi statistic (Snedeeor and Coehran, 1967) because of the many low-number (or zero) observations. In the simulations, the number of observations per loeation was kept fixed. For eaeh test, 10,000 simulations were performed and pairwise comparisons were also made using this method. 

In the third portion of the study, the results using five different sampler and analytical method combinations were compared. When obvious outliers were excluded from the data, the normalized percentage differences compared to the mean value for sulfur varied from -21 to +23%. Pairwise comparisons for other elements showed similar variability. The agreement overall for X-ray fluorescence compared to PIXE was good, although there was scatter in the individual measurements, perhaps due to differences in sampling (Nejedly et al., 1998). 

The pairwise comparison approach from the AHP method can also be used to assess objective weights in other MADA methods. As the method is discussed in detail in the context of the AHP, the reader is referred to Chapter 4.2.2 for further details. 

For cases where a large number of alternatives has to be evaluated, absolute measurement provides a second evaluation option that does not require a pairwise comparison of alternatives (cf. Saaty 2005, pp. 369-372). Also, methods to reduce the number of comparisons below n(n-l)/2 in large hierarchies while still ensuring a sufficient level of accuracy have been developed (cf. Millet and Harker 1990). 

Most methods of sequence alignment are designed for pairwise comparisons, although alignments among all taxa under study are necessary before phylogenetic analysis can begin. Many of the pairwise approaches... 

Phylogenetic analyses of sequences can be conducted by analyzing discrete characters (i.e., the nucleotides themselves) or by making pairwise comparisons of whole sequences (the distance approach). Deciding whether to use a distance-based or a character-based method depends on... 

The issue of type I error inflation caused by multiple testing appears in many guises in the realm of new drug development. This issue is of great importance to decision-makers, and we discuss this topic again later in the chapter. For now, we have not yet provided a full answer to our research question our description of analysis of variance is incomplete without a discussion of at least one analysis method that controls the overall type I error rate when evaluating pairwise comparisons from an ANOVA. 

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