Packaging/padding and

Containers Containers for hquids consist principally of drums, pads, and cans made of steel or plastic and of bottles and vials made of plastic or glass. The chemical industiy is often involved with all these containers, but the most frequently used packages for industrial chemicals are steel drums ana pails. For exotic products, stainless-steel drums and pails are available. The most common types used are 208-L (55-gal) drums and 19-L (5-gal) pails. 

TPO skins for low-pressure injection moulding. .. insulation of electric wires, connectors... workbench feet, appliance feet, supports and pads... returnable packaging, totes and bins... handles, soft-touch overmoulding. .. profiles, tubes, pipes, sheathing. .. toys... 

Figure 7. Metallization pattern for the top layer of a 2.25 by 2.25 in. (5.1 by 5.1 cm) multichip package, with chip footprints, I/O pads, and other surface...

The most advanced implementation of cofired-ceramic-packaging technology is the thermal conduction module (TCM) used in large-scale computers (IBM) (4, 72, 74). This package can accommodate over 100 flip-chip-bonded ICs on a 90 by 90 mm cofired ceramic substrate. The multilayer ceramic substrate contains 33 metal layers for chip pad redistribution, signal interconnection, and power distribution (Figure 14). Each chip contains 120 bonding pads, and 1800 pins are brazed to the bottom of the substrate for connection to a PWB. 

Robotic palletizer systems have the abihty to orient the cases and to pick and place the trays, pads, and slip sheets. The robotic palletizers rate of operation will be considered too slow for most oil production lines. However, robotic palletizing systems will become more common for oil packaging lines based on the following issues ... 

Disk brake pads and drum linings are finish ground to the final dimensions after the oven cure process. Sometimes, the surface of disk pad products are scorched or seared under the influence of heat applied in the 250-700" C range. This burns off the organics in the pad surface and helps the initial friction properties of brake pads. Scorching can be accomplished by a variety of methods—direct gas flame, contact with an electrically heated hot plate, or radiant heat from a heated surface. Subsequently, the parts are painted and stenciled with product information prior to packaging. 

Sterility and cross contamination during dissection are a concern. Disposable absorbent pads and even paper towels can be laid out to create a field that is at least clean if not sterile. Sterile blades and sterile gloves come in packaging that can be opened and laid out to create a small cutting surface that is sterile. The use of disposable knives will prevent cross contamination between samples. Beakers of bleach and 95% ethanol can be used to sterilize forceps and other non-disposable dissection tools between samples. 

Among the factors to be considered when ordering from a supplier of laboratory chemicals is whether the supplier will accept return of unopened chemicals, including highly reactive chemicals. Materials other than chemicals, such as containers or packaging materials and parts of laboratory instruments, can also be recycled. Examples include certain glass and plastic containers, drums and pads, plastic scrap and film scrap, cardboard, office paper, circuit boards, and metals such as steel and aluminum. 

Medium-density and semi-rigid foam is produced by polyols of medium molecular weight and medium functionality, and less foaming agent. These foams are used for crash padding and packaging. 

ChipPAC, Inc., demonstrated an alternate process/package concept covering both CSP and PBGA package formats whose construction is illustrated in Figure 8. The concept package consisted essentially of three parts ACF, metallic bumps on the die bond pads, and an organic chip carrier (29). 

The principal use of superabsorbent polymers is as a liquid absorbent in disposable hygiene products, which include baby diapers, feminine hygiene products, and adult incontinence products. Smaller volume uses include liquid absorbent pads for packaged meats and water-blocking tapes and coatings for electrical and telecommunication cables. 

The new user of surface mount designs (SMDs) must rapidly learn the packaging sizes and types for SMDs. Resistors, capacitors, and most other passive devices come in two-terminal packages, as shown in Fig. 11.17, which have end-terminations designed to rest on substrate pads/lands. 

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