P-dodecyl phenol

Figure 3.1 TGA weight loss plotted against temperature (a) p-dodecyl-phenol-formaldehyde resin, (b) phenol-formaldehyde resin. Source Author s own files...

Alkylphenol p-dodecyl phenol is the product of a mixture of branched-chain, 12-carbon-containing olefins, and phenol yielding the general structure as shown in Structure 3.14. Although the major use of PDDP is in lube-oil additives (primarily through its conversion to a calcium phenolate), a minor, higher purity portion is ethoxylated to produce specialty surfactants. 

The chemical composition of either olefins is an extremely complex mixtnre of predominately 9 or 12 carbon atom olefins, respectively. Indeed, high-resolution gas chromatographic analysis of p-nonylphenol has achieved resolution of 22 distinct para isomers, each alkene moiety identified as being a distinct and different configuration of the compound described for simplicity as propylene trimer or nonene. Although such an exhaustive study has not yet been condncted on p-dodecyl phenol, results would be expected to be at least as, if not more, complex. 

Diffusion-type models have been used for the adsorption of lead, copper, p-nitrophenol, phenol, p-bromophenol, p-toluene sulfonate and dodecyl benzene sulfonate on activated carbon (Hashimoto etal., 1977 Xiu and Li, 2000 Chen and Wang, 2004 Crittenden and Weber, 1978), and ion exchange of ammonia, lead, and other heavy metals on clinoptilolite (Inglezakis and Grigoropoulou, 2003 Cincotti et al, 2001 Semmens et al, 1978 Cooney et al, 1999). 

Dodecyl phenol Dodecylphenol Dodecylphenol (mixed isomers) Dodecylphenols EINECS 248-312-8 HSDB 386 NSC 6812 Phenol, dodecyl- Phenol, dodecyl-, mixed isomers T-Det, Mixture of 0, m and p-isomers. 

EINECS 203-202-9 p-Dodecylphenoi Phenol, 4-dodeoyl- Phenol, p-dodecyl-,... 

The most widely used alkylphenols in the manufacture of nonionic surfactants are described as follows in the order of their importance. APEs derived from p-nonylphenol account approximately 80% of the total market whereas those derived from octyl phenol account for 15-20%. Dodecyl phenol, di-nonylphenol, and DSBP ethoxylates run a poor third at <5%. 

UVA 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone 2-(2H-ben-zotriazol-2-yl)-p-cresol phenol, 2-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-6-(1,1 -dimethylethyl)-4-methyl- 2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol 2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetraethylbutyl)phenol 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1 -methyl-1 -phenylethyl)phenol 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-dodecyl-4-methylphenol, branched linear 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-phenol reaction product of methyl 3(3-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-5-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl propionate/PEG 300 2-[4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-5-(octyloxy) phenol (2-ethylhexyl)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate HAS ... 

Kennedy and Stock reported the first use of Oxone for many common oxidation reactions such as formation of benzoic acid from toluene and of benzaldehyde, of ben-zophenone from diphenyhnethane, of frawi-cyclohexanediol Ifom cyclohexene, of acetone from 2-propanol, of hydroquinone from phenol, of e-caprolactone from cyclohexanone, of pyrocatechol from salicylaldehyde, of p-dinitrosobenzene from p-phenylenediamine, of phenylacetic acid from 2-phenethylamine, of dodecylsulfonic acid from dodecyl mercaptan, of diphenyl sulfone from diphenyl sulfide, of triphenylphosphine oxide from triphenylphosphine, of iodoxy benzene from iodobenzene, of benzyl chloride from toluene using NaCl and Oxone and bromination of 2-octene using KBr and Oxone . Thus, they... 

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate (Tween 85) sugar ester (DK-F-110) tetraoxyethylene monodecyl ether (C10E4) polyoxyethylene-p-f-octyl phenol (Triton X-100) pentaethylene glycol dodecyl ether... 

Experimental isotherm data for the adsorption of four solutes, phenol, p-bromophenol, p-toluene sulfonate, and dodecyl benzene sulfonate onto activated carbon are shown in Figures 1 to 4. The isotherm constants are estimated using a nonlinear parameter estimation program, and are shown in Table 1. The parameter estimation program uses the principal axis method to obtain the parameters, a, b and 3 that will minimize the sum of the squares of the differences between experimental and computed isotherm data. 

Adsorption equilibria for the systems phenol-p-toluene sulfonate, phenol-p-bromophenol and phenol-dodecyl benzene sulfonate are shown in Figures 5, 6 and 7. In these figures, the ratio of the observed equilibrium values and computed values from equation (14) are plotted against the equilibrium liquid phase concentration of the solute in the mixture. It is seen that most of the data points are well within a deviation of 20%. The results for these diverse solute systems indicate that equation (14) is suitable for correlating binary equilibrium data for use in multicomponent rate models. 

As seen from Table 2, phenol, j>-toluene sulfonate and 2 bromophenol have similar adsorption rate characteristics. The equilibrium data for these solutes indicate that phenol and p-toluene sulfonate have similar energies of adsorption (24), as indicated by the constant b in the component isotherm (qe Qbx,ce/ (1 + bLCe) -bromophenol and dodecyl benzene sulfonate are adsorbed more strongly than phenol (22). 

Other spectrophotometric organic reagents used for the determination of silver include 2-(3,5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (3,5-diBr-PADAP) in the presence of the anionic surfactant lauryl sulphate (e = 7.7-10 ) [43] and dodecyl sulphate (e = 6-10 ) [44], 4-(3,5-dibromo-2 pyridylazo)-V,V-diethylaniline in the presence of dodecyl sulphate [45], Cadion 2B in the presence of Triton X-100 (e = 1.0-10 ) [46], 4-(2-quinolylazo)phenol [47], 4-(p-nitrophenylazo)-l-amino-3-pyridynol (e = 1.07-10 at 605 nm) [48], and thyrodine (after extraction of silver with the use of macrocyclic compounds) [5,49]. 

Octadecyl 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate Pentaerythrityl tetrakis [3-(3, 5 -di-t-butvl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate] Pentaerythrityl tetrakis (P-laurylthiopropionate) Thiodiethylene bis (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy) hydrocinnamate 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene Trioctyl phosphite Tris (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate Tris (2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) phosphite 1,1,3-Tris (2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl) butane Tris (nonylphenyl) phosphite antioxidant, cement Phenol, styrenated Zinc diisobutyidithiocarbamate antioxidant, cereal Dodecyl gallate Octyl gallate antioxidant, chlorinated paraffins Lead phthalate, basic... 

A number of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of surfactant monolayers have been published during the last decade. In these studies, the water surface was often modelled as a flat, amorphous plane. Due to severe computer power restrictions, there have been only a few attempts in which the surface was modelled in all atomic details. Monolayers of trimethylammonium chloride at the air/water interface and the properties of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide monolayers have been simulated. In addition to these computer experiments, the structures of phenol, p-n-pentylphenol and A,V -diethyl-p-nitroaniline adsorbed on water have been investigated by MD simulations. Recently, molecular dynamics simulations of sodium dodecyl sulfate at the water/vapour and the water/CCU interfaces in regimes of small surface concentrations have been performed (4). 

Figure 7.1 Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the retention of phenol ( ), p-nitroaniline...

Frejd and coworkers then used lactam 45 as a structural H-Phe-Phe-OH mimic in peptides (116). The resulting conjugate 48 was expected to function as a structural mimic of substance P (Scheme 5.25). However, CD spectroscopic studies indicated that the constraints imposed by the l,l -ferrocenophane prohibited the peptide to adopt the characteristic a-hehcal secondary structure found for native SP in a biomimetic SDS (Sodium n-Dodecyl Sulfate) micellar environment. In another interesting paper, Frejd and coworkers prepared a [Leu ]-Enkephalin mimetic in which the H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-subunit has been replaced by a Gly-Gly-looped l,l -ferrocenyl-bis-alanine residue (49, Scheme 5.25) [117]. The ferrocene Cp rings of this constrained compound constitute a substitute for the aromatic phenol (Tyr) and phenyl (Phe) rings. NMR-spectroscopic studies revealed this... 

---