Water treatment, drinking ozone

Rice, C.P., Sikka, H.C.,and Lynch, R.S. Persistence ofdichlobenil in a farm pond, / Agric. FoodChem., 22(3) 533-535,1974. Rice, F.O. and Murphy, M.T. The thermal decomposition of five-membered rings, / Am. Chem. Soc., 64(4) 896-899,1942. Richard. Y. and Brener. L. Removal of pesticides from drinking water by ozone, in Handbook of Ozone Technology and Applications, Volume II. Ozone for Drinking Water Treatment, Rice, A.G. and Netzer, A.. Eds. (Montvale, M A Butterworth Publishers, 1984), pp. 77-97. 

Langlais B, Reckhow DA, Brink DR (1991) Ozone in drinking water treatment application and engineering. AWWARF and Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, EL... 

Jekel M R (1982) Biological Drinking Water Treatment System Involving Ozone, Chapter 10 151-175 in Handbook of Ozone Technology and Applications Vol. II, Ozone for Drinking Water Treatment Rice R G and Netzer A (Editors), Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor MI. 

Up to now, ozonation of drinking water has been considered too difficult, especially in comparison with chlorination. The outlay for the relatively expensive installations and the high costs of operation were objectionable. In most cases the plants have seemed unprofitable. It appears, moreover, that all the European ozonation plants still employ water-treatment processes which do not permit proper utilization of all the ozone produced by the ozonators. Perhaps 40% of the ozone is lost because of the difficulty of dissolving the gas in the water with the available means. On the other hand, there is no doubt of the actual efficacy of the ozone water treatment in the French plants in operation. 

Xie Y. and Reckhow, D. A., Identification and quantification of ozonation by-products ketoacids in drinking water. Paper five, in Proceedings of International Ozone Association Pan American Committee Pasadena Conference Ozonation for Drinking Water Treatment, 1992. 

Richard, Y. and L. Brener. Removal of Pesticides from Drinking Water by Ozone, in Handbook of Ozone Technology and Applications, Volume II. Ozone for Drinking Water Treatment, Rice, A.G. and A. Netzer, Eds. (Montvale, MA Butterworth Publishers, 1984), pp. 77-97. 

Rakness, K.L., Ozone in drinking water treatment process design, operation, and optimization, American Water Works Association, 2005. 

Figure 6.2 Formation of NDMA by ozonation of the transformation product N,N-dimethylsulfamide) of the pesticide tolyfluanid by ozonation in drinking water treatment.

Calculators c4-8 through c4-10 are for an air-feed ozone system. For a more rigorous calculation (or for calculations for pressure swing adsorption, vacuum swing adsorption, and vacuum-pressure swing adsorption systems), refer to Ozone in Drinking Water Treatment (Rakness 2005). 

Rakness, Kerwin L. 2005. Ozone in Drinking Water Treatment Process Design, Operation, and Optimization. Denver, Colo. American Water Works Association. 

A concentration of residual ozone can be achieved and monitored during disinfection and/or viral inactivation of waters that have little extraneous ozone demand (drinking water, swimming pool water, cooling water, etc.). For other drinking water or industrial water treatment applications, and for most wastewater applications, control of ozonation processes must be monitored by a surrogate analytical technique. Such process controls are not based upon the monitoring of dissolved residual ozone. 

Market areas of interest to manufaeturers of ozone systems, aetual uses defined as those whieh have been in operation for some time and not ineluding "pilot" studies, arise in the following eategories odor eontrol (sewage treatment and industrial), industrial ehemieals synthesis, industrial water and wastewater treatment, and drinking water disinfeetion. 

J. Katz (ed.). Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide Technology for Disinfection of Drinking Water, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1980, 659 pp. R. G. Rice and M. E. Browning, Ozone Treatment of Industrial Wastewater, Noyes Data Coip., Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1981, 371 pp. 

Although reactions carried out by ozone have attracted enormous attention in the atmospheric environment, ozone has also been used extensively in the treatment of drinking water without the production of undesirable trihalomethanes from the use of molecular chlorine (Richardson et al. 1999). It has been examined for the removal of a number of contaminants, and ozone is considered to be a selective oxidant, even though quite complex reactions may occur. 

Acero JL, K Stemmier, U van Gunten (2000) Degradation kinetics of atrazine and its degradation products with ozone and OH radicals a predictive tool for drinking water treatment. Environ Sci Technol 34 591-597. 

Ozocarb A process for purifying municipal drinking water by treatment with ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and activated carbon. Developed by Trailigaz, a subsidiary of Compagnie General des Eaux. 

The mobility of slowly degradable compounds or persistent metabolites present in surface water or bank filtration-enriched ground water is of particular concern in the production of potable water. Certain surfactants, and especially their polar metabolites among others, have the potential to bypass technical purification units used, which may include flocculation, (active charcoal) filtration, ozonation or chlorination. As such, these compounds can reach drinking water destined for human consumption [4-6]. In most cases the origin of surfactant residues and their degradation intermediates in raw water is from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents (see Chapters 6.1 and 6.2) or direct emissions of wastewater, with the latter still common in many less developed countries. 

Increase in demand and human activity worldwide has seen a reduction in the availability of pristine environments for use as drinking water resources. Raw water for drinking water production is thus obtained from a variety of sources, resulting in variable levels of contamination. Several methods for treatment, on laboratory and field scales and in practice in functioning waterworks, have been summarised here, and in particular rapid sand filtration, subsoil passage and ozonation have been demonstrated as important steps in the removal of undesirable xenobiotics. 

Hoigne J, Bader H. 1988. The formation of trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) and chloroform in a combined ozonation/chlorination treatment of drinking water. Water Res 22 313-319. 

Laplanche, A., Martin, G., andTonnard, F. Ozonation schemes of organophosphorous pesticides. Application in drinking water treatment, Ozone Sci. Eng., 6 207-219, 1984. 

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