Ozonation, drinking water

While generally attributed to the use of chloramines or chlorine, NDMA was recently identified in ozonated drinking water from Germany [57]. An anthropogenic contaminant containing a dimethylamine group was discovered to be the precursor in its formation (discussed in more detail in the Contaminant DBF section). 

NDMA were observed in ozonated drinking water from Germany and came as a surprise because ozone does not form NDMA by reaction with natural organic matter. The chlorination products of NA -dimethylsulfamide have not been investigated yet. 

Simultaneous detection of aldehydes and hydroxyl substituted compounds, focused on identification of compounds in ozonated drinking water... 

Kuo, C. Y., Improved application of ion chromatographic determination of carboxylic acids in ozonated drinking water, J. Chromatogr. A, 804, 265-272, 1998. 

Dionex Application Note 101. Trace Level Determination of Bromate in Ozonated Drinking Water Using Ion Chromatography. Dionex Corp., Sunnyvale, CA, 1995. 

Rice, Rip G., Ozone Drinking Water Treatment Handbook, CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1999. 

Chlorine Dioxide. Like ozone, chlorine dioxide [10049-04-4] is a powerflil oxidant. It is usually generated as used. It has been used for disinfecting drinking water and bleaching paper pulp. Its effectiveness in killing microorganisms is well documented (305,306), and it has received recent study as a gas to sterilize medical devices. It requites 50% rh or higher to be effective. Bacterial cells had a D-value of 2.6 min and spores of 24 min (307). 

Prepai ative isolation of nonvolatile and semivolatile organic compounds fractions (hydrophobic weak acids, hydrophobic weak bases, hydrophobic neutrals, humic and fulvic acids) from natural and drinking waters in optimal conditions was systematically investigated by solid-phase extraction method with porous polymer sorbents followed by isolation from general concentrate of antropogenic and/or toxic semivolatile compounds produced in chlorination and ozonation processes. 

Ozone applications in the United States for drinking water are far fewer than in Europe. However, the potential market is large, if environmental or health needs ever conclude that an alternate disinfectant to chlorine should be required. Although energy costs of ozonation are higher than those for chlorination, they may be comparable to combined costs of chlorination dechlorination-reaeration, which is a more equivalent technique. One of ozone s greatest potential uses is for municipal wastewater disinfection. 

Market areas of interest to manufaeturers of ozone systems, aetual uses defined as those whieh have been in operation for some time and not ineluding "pilot" studies, arise in the following eategories odor eontrol (sewage treatment and industrial), industrial ehemieals synthesis, industrial water and wastewater treatment, and drinking water disinfeetion. 

J. Katz (ed.). Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide Technology for Disinfection of Drinking Water, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1980, 659 pp. R. G. Rice and M. E. Browning, Ozone Treatment of Industrial Wastewater, Noyes Data Coip., Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1981, 371 pp. 

Although reactions carried out by ozone have attracted enormous attention in the atmospheric environment, ozone has also been used extensively in the treatment of drinking water without the production of undesirable trihalomethanes from the use of molecular chlorine (Richardson et al. 1999). It has been examined for the removal of a number of contaminants, and ozone is considered to be a selective oxidant, even though quite complex reactions may occur. 

Acero JL, K Stemmier, U van Gunten (2000) Degradation kinetics of atrazine and its degradation products with ozone and OH radicals a predictive tool for drinking water treatment. Environ Sci Technol 34 591-597. 

McDowell DC, MM Huber, M Wagner, U von Gunten, TA Ternes (2005) Ozonation of carbamazepine in drinking water identification and kinetic study of major oxidation products. Environ Sci Technol 39 8014-8022. 

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