Ozonation, of drinking water

Hammes F, Salhi E, Koster O, Kaiser H-P, Egli T, von Gunten U (2006) Mechanistic and kinetic evaluation of organic disinfection by-product and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) formation during the ozonation of drinking water. Water Res 40 2275-2286... 

Von Gunten, U. (2003) Ozonation of drinking water Part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine. Water Res. 37, 1469-1487. 

Up to now, ozonation of drinking water has been considered too difficult, especially in comparison with chlorination. The outlay for the relatively expensive installations and the high costs of operation were objectionable. In most cases the plants have seemed unprofitable. It appears, moreover, that all the European ozonation plants still employ water-treatment processes which do not permit proper utilization of all the ozone produced by the ozonators. Perhaps 40% of the ozone is lost because of the difficulty of dissolving the gas in the water with the available means. On the other hand, there is no doubt of the actual efficacy of the ozone water treatment in the French plants in operation. 

Gottschalk, C. Libra, J.A. Saupe, A. Ozonation of Drinking Water and Wastewater Vch Verlags-gesellschaft Mbh, 2000. 

Glaze WH, Koga M, Cancilla D. 1989. Ozonation byproducts 2. Improvement of an aqueous phase derivatization method for detection of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds formed by the ozonation of drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 23 838-847. 

J. Katz (ed.). Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide Technology for Disinfection of Drinking Water, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1980, 659 pp. R. G. Rice and M. E. Browning, Ozone Treatment of Industrial Wastewater, Noyes Data Coip., Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1981, 371 pp. 

Although reactions carried out by ozone have attracted enormous attention in the atmospheric environment, ozone has also been used extensively in the treatment of drinking water without the production of undesirable trihalomethanes from the use of molecular chlorine (Richardson et al. 1999). It has been examined for the removal of a number of contaminants, and ozone is considered to be a selective oxidant, even though quite complex reactions may occur. 

Titanium dioxide has also been involved in the photocatalysis of toxic inorganic substances to yield harmless or less-toxic species. Sterilisation of drinking water by chlorine yields potentially carcinogenic compounds so that ozone has been used as an alternative sterilising agent. Bromate... 

Hoigne J, Bader H. 1988. The formation of trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) and chloroform in a combined ozonation/chlorination treatment of drinking water. Water Res 22 313-319. 

Rice, C.P., Sikka, H.C.,and Lynch, R.S. Persistence ofdichlobenil in a farm pond, / Agric. FoodChem., 22(3) 533-535,1974. Rice, F.O. and Murphy, M.T. The thermal decomposition of five-membered rings, / Am. Chem. Soc., 64(4) 896-899,1942. Richard. Y. and Brener. L. Removal of pesticides from drinking water by ozone, in Handbook of Ozone Technology and Applications, Volume II. Ozone for Drinking Water Treatment, Rice, A.G. and Netzer, A.. Eds. (Montvale, M A Butterworth Publishers, 1984), pp. 77-97. 

Richardson SD, Thruston AD Jr, Krasner SW, Weinberg HS, Miltner RJ, Schenck KM, Narotsky MG, McKague AB, Simmons JE (2008) Integrated disinfection by-products mixtures research comprehensive characterization of water concentrates prepared from chlorinated and ozonated/postchlorinated drinking water. J Toxicol Environ Health A 71 (17) 1165-1186... 

Zoeteman BCJ, Hmbec J, de Greef E, et al. 1982. Mutagenic activity associated with by-products of drinking water disinfection by chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone and UV-irradiation. Environ Health Perspect 46 197-205. 

Similar to the treatment of drinking waters, though, a near-to-complete mineralization of the DOC cannot be achieved economically, and combination of ozonation with other processes is recommended. The success of the treatment scheme should be measured by the over-all DOC-removal. 

Hoigne J (1998) Chemistry of Aqueous Ozone and Transformation of Pollutants by Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Processes, in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 5 Part C, Quality and Treatment of Drinking Water II, ed. by J Hrubec, Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. 

Due to this observation, several hundred chemical/biological processes, often called the (ozone enhanced) biological activated carbon ((OE)BAC)-process, were successfully put in operation in the field of drinking water treatment since the late 1970 s (Masschelein, 1994). Nevertheless, even after more than twenty years of research and application, the studies on this process proceed (e. g. Kainulainen et al., 1994). 

Duguet J P, Brodard E, Dussert B, Malleville J (1985) Improvement of Effectiveness of Ozonation in Drinking Water through the Use of Hydrogen Peroxide, Ozone Science Engineering, 7 241-258. 

Jekel M R (1982) Biological Drinking Water Treatment System Involving Ozone, Chapter 10 151-175 in Handbook of Ozone Technology and Applications Vol. II, Ozone for Drinking Water Treatment Rice R G and Netzer A (Editors), Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor MI. 

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