Oxidizing newly-developed

The second and third reactions are economical, but the first is not. The second reaction is used in a process where HCN is oxidized to (CN)2 and hydrolyzed in the presence of a strong acid catalyst to give oxamide. The third reaction is employed in a newly developed process where diaLkyl oxalates are converted to oxamide by the ammonolysis reaction. This reaction easily proceeds without catalysts and quantitatively gives oxamide as a powder. 

Yttrium—barium—copper oxide, YBa2Cu202 is a newly developed high T material which has been found to be fully superconductive at temperatures above 90 K, a temperature that can be maintained during practical operation. The foremost challenge is to be able to fabricate these materials into a flexible form to prepare wines, fibers, and bulk shapes. Ultrapure powders of yttrium—barium—copper oxide that are sinterable into single-phase superconducting... 

The fact that Fischer-Tropsch fuels contain neither sulfur nor aromatics may become a strong selling point for the process. Less sulfur in the fuel has, of course, a direct effect on the sulfur oxides in the emissions, and the newly developed exhaust purification systems for lean burning engines that can be introduced means that all emissions, including GO2 and NOx, will diminish. Aromatics promote particulate formation in the combustion of diesel fuels and are therefore undesirable. We discuss this further in Ghapter 10. 

Examples of multi-disciplinary innovation can also be found in the field of environmental catalysis such as a newly developed catalyst system for exhaust emission control in lean burn automobiles. Japanese workers [17] have successfully merged the disciplines of catalysis, adsorption and process control to develop a so-called NOx-Storage-Reduction (NSR) lean burn emission control system. This NSR catalyst employs barium oxide as an adsorbent which stores NOx as a nitrate under lean burn conditions. The adsorbent is regenerated in a very short fuel rich cycle during which the released NOx is reduced to nitrogen over a conventional three-way catalyst. A process control system ensures for the correct cycle times and minimizes the effect on motor performance. 

The first study on the oxidation of arylmethanes used this reaction as a model to show the general advantages of electrochemical micro processing and to prove the feasibility of an at this time newly developed reactor concept [69]. Several limits of current electrochemical process technology hindered its widespread use in synthetic chemistry [69]. As one major drawback, electrochemical cells stiU suffer from inhomogeneities of the electric field. In addition, heat is released and large contents of electrolyte are needed that have to be separated from the product. 

Scheme 7-15 shows the significant improvement in overall stereoselectivity, due mainly to the adoption of the newly developed Sharpless asymmetric ep-oxidation. Compounds a-epoxy-67 and //-epoxy-67 can be readily obtained from 53 via the Sharpless reaction. Isomers of compounds 57 are then constructed via regioselective ring opening with a copper reagent. 

Newly developed alloys have improved properties in many aspects over traditional compositions for interconnect applications. The remaining issues that were discussed in the previous sections, however, require further materials modification and optimization for satisfactory durability and lifetime performance. One approach that has proven to be effective is surface modification of metallic interconnects by application of a protection layer to improve surface and electrical stability, to modify compatibility with adjacent components, and also to mitigate or prevent Cr volatility. It is particularly important on the cathode side due to the oxidizing environment and the susceptibility of SOFC cathodes to chromium poisoning. 

Since 1927 chromic acid has been used for the oxidative bleaching of Montan waxes. Hoechst has been operating the electrochemical regeneration of chromic acid for more than 90 years. The newly developed electrochemical process (as enlargement and partial replacement for the existing plant) is based on the... 

Anthrapyrimidine and its substituted derivatives are obtained by condensation of 1-aminoanthraquinone (or its derivatives) with formamide or aqueous form-aldehyde/ammonia in the presence of an oxidant, such as ammonium vanadate or m-nitrobenzosulfonic acid. A newly developed, more simple route proceeds via formamidinium chloride, which is prepared from 1-aminoanthraquinone with di-methylformamide and thionyl chloride or phosphorus oxychloride. Cyclization in a solvent in the presence of ammonium acetate affords the desired product ... 

There are four types of explosives that do not contain nitro groups inorganic oxidizers (in combination with any fuel), peroxide explosives, primary explosives, and newly developed high-nitrogen explosives. Chapter 3 discusses both the inorganic oxidizers—principally nitrate or chlorate-based and peroxide explosives—TATP and HMTD. We have previously reported on the thermal stabilities... 

Interestingly, the newly developed Ar3BiCl2/DBU oxidants [Ar = p-nitrophenyl, p-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] rapidly oxidize 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-phenylethanol [81], which is generally known to resist oxidation [85-87], to the corresponding trifluor-omethyl ketone within 5-50 min at room temperature (Scheme 21). The difference in the reaction rates among the bismuth(V) oxidants is in good agreement with the results obtained for the intermolecular competition experiments. 

The use of sc C02 instead of toluene as a solvent leads to some rate enhancement in these two systems, although it is clear that this activity is still not practical for most nonpolar, nonvolatile substrates. Significant improvements to the biphasic water/supercritical C02 system were accomplished by forming H20/C02 emulsions using newly developed surfactants (Jacobson et al., 1999). Three different surfactants were used that form water in C02 (w/c) or C02 in water (c/w) emulsions (1) anionic surfactant perfluoropolyether ammonium carboxylate, (2) cationic Lodyne 106A, and (3) nonionic poly(butylene oxide)-h-poly(ethylene oxide). The low interfacial tension, y, between water and C02 (17 mNm-1 at pressures above 70 bar), which is significantly lower than water/alkane systems (30-60 mNm-1),... 

On-board type oil deterioration pH sensor. Considering practical use as an on-board type pH sensor, it is desirable to use rigid materials for the electrodes which are thought not to be damaged due to mechanical vibrations of the engine. Therefore, oxidized stainless steel and lead electrode were selected as the pH-response electrode and the reference electrode, respectively. The signal of the newly developed sensor gradually increases as the deterioration of the oil... 

Thevanmundi, Poonjaranmunda, Valiakaniak-kadan and Subhakara. Some of the newly developed cultivars are Panniyur-1, Panniyur-2, Panniyur-3 and Panniyur-4. By adopting GC and GC-MS techniques, researchers have identified over 55 compounds from the volatile oil of these pepper cultivars. The major compounds identified were a- and (3-pinene, sabinene, limonene, P-caryophyllene, myrcene, p-cymene and caryophellene oxide (Gopalakrishnan et al., 1993 Menon et al., 2000, 2002, 2003 Menon and Padmakumari, 2005). Table 2.7 illustrates this variability among different popular cultivars. 

Johnson et al. used their newly developed orthoester Claisen reaction to achieve a highly stereoselective total synthesis of aM-trans squalene (5)1 (Scheme 1.20. The diene diol 6 underwent Johnson-Claisen rearrangement when it was heated with ethyl orthoacetate in the presence of propionic acid for 3 h at 138 C. The diene dialdehyde 7, obtained by treatment of the resulting ester with lithium aluminum hydride followed by oxidation with Collins reagent, reacted with 2-propenyllithium to give the tetraene diol 8. The tetraene dialdehyde 9, which... 

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