Oxidative desulfurization process for

Aida, T., Yamamoto, D., Iwata, M., and Sakata, K. Development of oxidative desulfurization process for diesel fuel. Reviews on Heteroatom Chemistry, 2000, 22, 241. 

Shiraishi, Y., Hirai, T., and Komasawa, I. Oxidative desulfurization process for light oil using titanium silicate molecular sieve catalysts. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 2002, 35, 1305. 

Flex DS An oxidative desulfurization process for decontaminating and upgrading crude oil. The oxidant is an alkyl hydroperoxide and the catalyst an organic titanium complex. Developed from 2007 by Auterra, Malta, NY, formerly called Applied NanoWorks. Funded by a Canadian Oil Sands company, piloted but not yet commercialized. 

D Eha Camacho et al. (2011) proposed a novel concept using an assisted electrochemical reaction to produce atomic hydrogen from water electrolysis for different heterorganic compounds conversion. The electrochemical reactor is divided into two compartments by a palladium membrane in which atomic hydrogen is absorbed and permeated. Organic sulfur in the oil can be desulfurized and transformed to H2S in the electrochemical compartment. In addition, Lam et al. (2012) recently presented a review of electrochemical desulfurization technologies for fossil fuels. Various electrodes and electrolytes that have been used for desulfurization accomphshed by oxidation, reduction, or both were summarized by Lam et al. in their paper. Some electrochemical desulfurization processes for transportation fuels were chosen for listing in Table 14.2. 

Figure 15.8. UOP/Eni oxidative desulfurization process scheme. HCBN (hydrocarbon) stands for any suitable hydrocarbon refinery stream. Adapted from Molinari et al. ...

Exhaust emissions of CO, unbumed hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides reflect combustion conditions rather than fuel properties. The only fuel component that degrades exhaust is sulfur the SO2 concentrations ia emissions are directly proportional to the content of bound sulfur ia the fuel. Sulfur concentrations ia fuel are determined by cmde type and desulfurization processes. Specifications for aircraft fuels impose limits of 3000 —4000 ppm total sulfur but the average is half of these values. Sulfur content ia heavier fuels is determined by legal limits on stack emissions. 

Cobalt in Catalysis. Over 40% of the cobalt in nonmetaUic appHcations is used in catalysis. About 80% of those catalysts are employed in three areas (/) hydrotreating/desulfurization in combination with molybdenum for the oil and gas industry (see Sulfurremoval and recovery) (2) homogeneous catalysts used in the production of terphthaUc acid or dimethylterphthalate (see Phthalic acid and otherbenzene polycarboxylic acids) and (i) the high pressure oxo process for the production of aldehydes (qv) and alcohols (see Alcohols, higher aliphatic Alcohols, polyhydric). There are also several smaller scale uses of cobalt as oxidation and polymerization catalysts (44—46). 

The latter reaction has been studied numerous times because of its relevance for the autoxidation of hydrogen sulfide in seawater and other aqueous systems [112, 113]. 8ince the polysulfide ions can be further oxidized to elemental sulfur which precipitates from the solution, these reactions are the basis for several industrially important desulfurization processes (e.g., the 8tretford, 8ulfolin, Lo-Cat, 8ulFerox, and Bio-8R processes) [114] ... 

Desulfurization processes are absolutely necessary for producing clean fuels. Possible strategies to realize ultradeep suffiirization currently include adsorption, extraction, oxidation, and bioprocesses. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) combined with extraction is considered one of the most promising of these processes [13]. Ultradeep desulfurization of diesel by selective oxidation with amphiphilic catalyst assembled in emulsion droplets has given results where the sulfur level of desulfurized diesel can be lowered from 500 ppm to about 0.1 ppm without changing the properties of the diesel [12]. 

Sublette [285] describes a process for desulfurizing sour natural gas using another commonly known chemolithotrophic microorganism, the aerobic bacterium T. denitrifi-cans. This patent describes a process wherein bacteria of the Thiobacillus genus convert sulfides to sulfates under aerobic conditions. Sublette defined the ideal characteristics of a suitable microorganism for the oxidative H2S removal from gaseous streams as ... 

Vazquez-Duhalt, R. Bremauntz, M. D. P. Barzana, E., and Tinoco, R., Enzymatic oxidation process for desulfurization of fossil fuels. Patent No. US6461859. 2002, Oct. 08. 

Ames (2) A wet oxidation process for desulfurizing coal in which the oxidant is oxygen and the sulfur dioxide is absorbed by aqueous sodium carbonate. Developed in the 1970s by the Ames Laboratory of Iowa State University, with funding from the U.S. Department of... 

FW-BF [Foster Wheeler-Bergbau-Forschung] A dry flue-gas desulfurization process that combines the sulfur removal system of Bergbau-Forschung, which uses a carbon adsorbent, with the Foster-Wheeler process for oxidizing adsorbed sulfur to sulfuric acid. 

JPL Chlorinolysis [Jet Propulsion Laboratory] A process for desulfurizing coal by oxidation with chlorine. The sulfur becomes converted to sulfur monochloride, S2C12. Developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology from 1976 to 1981. 

LIMB [Lime/limestone injection into a multi-stage burner] A flue-gas desulfurization process used in Germany and Finland. Dry, ground limestone is injected directly into the combustion chamber. This reacts with the sulfur dioxide, and the dry particulate product is collected downstream together with the ash. The process is suitable only for those systems which limit the maximum combustion temperature by staging, in order to minimize the production of oxides of nitrogen. 

Reinluft A flue-gas desulfurization process using coke. The carbon acts as a catalyst for the oxidation of the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in the presence of water, and the sulfur trioxide is retained on the coke. The coke is regenerated in another vessel by heating with a hot gas stream, which reduces the sulfur trioxide back to sulfur dioxide and expels it for use in sulfuric acid manufacture. The key to this process is the inexpensive adsorbent. Developed by Reinluft GmbH and Chemiebau Dr. A. Zieren GmbH, and marketed as the Reinluft (Clean Air) Process. Four plants had been built by 1985. 

Ebara [Electron beam ammonia reaction] A diy process for removing sulfur and nitrogen oxides from flue-gas. A beam of high energy electrons is injected into the gas, to whieh a stoichiometric quantity of ammonia has been added. The produet, a mixture of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, is collected downstream by an eleetrostatie preeipitator or a bag filter. Developed by Ebara Corporation, Japan, and piloted in Indianapohs in 1986. lEA Coal Research, Flue-Gas Desulfurization Handbook, Butterworths, London, 1987. 

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