Oxidation glucose, selectivity

In summary, the Sn-beta catalyst has been shown to be highly selective and active for a large number of catalytic reactions, for example BV oxidation, glucose isomerization, and Meerwein—Ponndorfr-Verley reactions. It is believed that the extraordinarily high chemoselectivity that is observed in some of these reactions is the result of a single type of catalytic site in Sn-beta. 

This section describes several new building blocks available from renewables, and how those building blocks can be converted by chemical processes into other materials. The contributions by Moens and Olson describe new uses for levulinic acid, an important renewable building block available inexpensively from cellulosic wastes (17), Kiely s paper on carbohydrate diacids describes approaches to selective glucose oxidation, the preparation of new polymers made from oxidized glucose, and where these materials might find use in the chemical industry. Witczak overviews uses of levoglucosenone, an... 

A practical synthesis of nojirimycin from D-glucose has been described, giving an overall yield of 50% from 1,2-0-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose oxidation of this compound with tributyltin oxide/ bromine selectively gave the 5-keto sugar, which was then converted to the 5-amino-sugar and hence to nojirimycin. The isolation of... 

The modes of action for niclosamide are interference with respiration and blockade of glucose uptake. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in both mammalian and taenioid mitochondria (22,23), inhibiting the anaerobic incorporation of inorganic phosphate into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Tapeworms are very sensitive to niclosamide because they depend on the anaerobic metaboHsm of carbohydrates as their major source of energy. Niclosamide has selective toxicity for the parasites as compared with the host because Httle niclosamide is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Adverse effects are uncommon, except for occasional gastrointestinal upset. 

Wenkin, M., Touillaux, R., Ruiz, P., Delmon, B., and Devillers, M. (1996) Influence of metallic precursors on the properties of carbon-supported bismuth-promoted palladium catalysts for the selective oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. Appl. Catal., A, 148, 181-199. 

Hydrogenation reactions, particularly for the manufacture of fine chemicals, prevail in the research of three-phase processes. Examples are hydrogenation of citral (selectivity > 80% [86-88]) and 2-butyne-l,4-diol (conversion > 80% and selectivity > 97% [89]). Eor Pt/ACE the yield to n-sorbitol in hydrogenation of D-glucose exceeded 99.5% [90]. Water denitrification via hydrogenation of nitrites and nitrates was extensively studied using fiber-based catalysts [91-95]. An attempt to use fiber-structured catalysts for wet air oxidation of organics (4-nitrophenol as a model compound) in water was successful. TOC removal up to 90% was achieved [96]. 

The material is presented in 17 chapters, covering topics such as trends in ion selective electrodes, advances in electrochemical immunosensors, modem glucose biosensors for diabetes management, biosensors based on nanomaterials (e.g. nanotubes or nanocrystals), biosensors for nitric oxide and superoxide, or biosensors for pesticides. 

The ultraviolet absorption spectra of compounds II from D-glucose and XI from D-fructose show an absorption band at 250 m/j, in accordance with their furan character.9 The product of periodate oxidation (V) and the dimethyl ester of the derived dicarboxylic acid (III) absorb at 285 and 262 m/i, respectively. The anhydrides of the condensates, XXXIV, do not exhibit selective absorption in the ultraviolet region, but the product of their oxidation (XXXVI) with periodic acid shows8 a band at about 270 m/i. 

Bonnemann, H. etal., Selective oxidation of glucose on bismuth-promoted Pd-Pt/C catalysts prepared from N(Oct)4Cl-stabilized Pd-Pt colloids, lnorg. Chim. Acta., 270, 95, 1998. 

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