From oxidation of glucose

Figure 3.57. Suggested docking of Rhodoferax ferrireducens surface to a carbon electrode for efficient transfer of electrons derived from oxidation of glucose. (From G. Tayhas and R. Palmore (2004). Bioelectric power generation. Trends Biotechnology 22, 99-100. Used with permission from Elsevier.)...

Succinyl-CoA derived from propionyl-CoA can enter the TCA cycle. Oxidation of succinate to oxaloacetate provides a substrate for glucose synthesis. Thus, although the acetate units produced in /3-oxidation cannot be utilized in glu-coneogenesis by animals, the occasional propionate produced from oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids can be used for sugar synthesis. Alternatively, succinate introduced to the TCA cycle from odd-carbon fatty acid oxidation may be oxidized to COg. However, all of the 4-carbon intermediates in the TCA cycle are regenerated in the cycle and thus should be viewed as catalytic species. Net consumption of succinyl-CoA thus does not occur directly in the TCA cycle. Rather, the succinyl-CoA generated from /3-oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids must be converted to pyruvate and then to acetyl-CoA (which is completely oxidized in the TCA cycle). To follow this latter route, succinyl-CoA entering the TCA cycle must be first converted to malate in the usual way, and then transported from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol, where it is oxida-... 

What happens to the energy from the oxidation of glucose A study of the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen shows that about 20 kcal are liberated per mole of glucose consumed ... 

A second principle used widely for glucose analysis, is that of the oxidation of glucose enzymatically, mediated by the action of glucose oxidase with the formation of gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (22). In this procedure it is the hydrogen peroxide which is usually assayed for determination of glucose. This method suffers from the action of inhibitors which occur, particularly with patients in a diabetic coma and these need to be removed. 

S (2)-hydroxy-3-butenenitrile from acrolein and HCN trans hydrocyanation using, for instance, acetone cyanohydrin Hydrolysis of nitriles to amides, e.g. acrylonitrile to acrylamide Isomerization of glucose to fructose Esterifications and transesterifications Interesterify positions 1 and 3 of natural glycerides Oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid, glycolic acid to glyoxalic acid... 

Figure 12.6 The immobilized glucose oxidase/lactoperoxidase system radioiodinates proteins through the intermediate formation of hydrogen peroxide from the oxidation of glucose. H2O2 then reacts with iodide anions to form reactive iodine (I2). This efficiently drives the formation of the highly reactive H2OI+ species that is capable of iodinating tyrosine or histidine residues (see Figure 12.2).

Cerebral metabolic rate declines from developmental levels and plateaus after maturation. Reliable quantitative data on the changes in cerebral circulation and metabolism in humans from the middle of the first decade of life to old age have been reported [2,39,44]. By 6 years of age, cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption already have attained high rates, and they decline thereafter to the rates of normal young adulthood [45]. Oxygen is utilized in the brain almost entirely for the oxidation of carbohydrates [46]. The equation for the complete oxidation of glucose is ... 

Bonnemann, H. etal., Selective oxidation of glucose on bismuth-promoted Pd-Pt/C catalysts prepared from N(Oct)4Cl-stabilized Pd-Pt colloids, lnorg. Chim. Acta., 270, 95, 1998. 

FIGURE 5.7. Effect of changing the cosubstrate and the pH on the kinetics of an homogeneous redox enzyme reaction as exemplified by the electrochemical oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase mediated by one-electron redox cosubstrates, ferricinium methanol ( ), + ferricinium carboxylate ( ), and (dimethylammonio)ferricinium ( ). Variation of the rate constant, k3, with pH. Ionic strength, 0.1 M temperature 25°C. Adapted from Figure 3 in reference 11, with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

Given that the maximum energy liberated from the complete oxidation of glucose to C02 and H20) is 2866kJ/mol and that the molecular weight of glucose is 180... 

For ATP to carry out this function, it has to be produced from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in an endergonic reaction that must be driven by another exergonic metabolic reaction. One exergonic reaction step that occurs in the overall oxidation of glucose in the cell is the oxidation of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde to 3-phosphoglycerate by pyruvate, for which AG = —29,300 Jmol ... 

Figure 1.30 Magneto-switched bioelectrocatalyzed oxidation of glucose in the presence of relay-functionalized magnetic particles. (Reprinted with permission from Ref [157]. 2000 American Chemical Society.)...

The values of pe° and AG° for any particular redox half reaction can be calculated from the values for complete redox reactions or combinations of reactions having the half reaction in common. For example, the oxidation of glucose... 

Recently, a novel microbial fuel cell harvesting energy from the marine sediment—seawater interface has been reported. Also, a novel photosynthetic biofuel cell that is a hybrid between a microbial and enzymatic biofuel cell has been reported for the very first time. More recently, reports of an unconventional biomass-fueled ceramic fuel cell can also be found in the literature. A new concept of Gastrobots —hybrid robots that utilize operational power derived from microbial fuel cells—has been introduced. Finally, the generation of electrical power by direct oxidation of glucose was demonstrated in mediatorless microbial fuel cells, which produced currents up to 3 fiA/cm at unknown cell voltage. ... 

For calculation of rate of ATP generation from glucose, assuming complete oxidation of glucose, multiply rate of glucose utilisation by 30. 

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