Mnemonic device

Additionally, the electrophysiological effects are often obtained from normal myocardial preparations and the abnormalities of cellular electrophysiology which cause arrhythmias in a diseased myocardium may be uniquely related to the disease process (10). Nevertheless, antiarrhythmic agent classifications have been useful as a mnemonic device. 

The 20 different side chains that occur in proteins are shown in Panel 1.1 (pp. 6-7). Their names are abbreviated with both a three-letter and a one-letter code, which are also given in the panel. The one-letter codes are worth memorizing, as they are widely used in the literature. A mnemonic device for linking the one-letter code to the names of the amino acids is given in Panel 1.1. 

A useful mnemonic device for quickly setting down the HMOs for cyclic systems is Frosts circle.If a regular polygon of n sides is inscribed in a circle of diameter 4/3 with one comer at the lowest point, the points at which the comers of the polygon touch the circle define the energy levels. The energy levels obtained for benzene and cyclobutadiene with Frost s circle are shown in Fig. 1.12. 

A wide range of alkenes undergo the Sharpless AD reaction and the stereochemistry of the product diols can be predicted with a high degree of certainty, in most cases, through a simple mnemonic device (Figure 1.2). Thus the DHQD derivatives supplied with the oxidant have become known as AD-mix (3 while the DHQ derivatives (with oxidant) comprise AD-mix a[81]. Chosen from the... 

It might be thought that electron-spin coupling provides an explanation of the characteristic two-ness of electrons in molecules. This is not so spin coupling is a kind of mnemonic device for the formulation of the electron-pair model, not an explanation of it. 

A way to peruse the table is to understand that if the reduced form in a particular half-reaction in the table comes into contact with the oxidized form in a half-reaction above it in the table, a redox reaction between these two forms will occur. Stated in reverse, if the oxidized form in any half-reaction in the table comes into contact with the reduced form in a half-reaction below it in the table, a redox reaction between these two forms will occur. Redox reactions between other species, such as a reduced form in a given reaction in contact with an oxidized form in a half-reaction below it in the table, will not occur. Mnemonic devices (devices that aid in memorizing) summarizing these statements are the arrows shown in Figure 14.3. Thus, for example, as can be seen in Figure 14.3, Cl2 will react with Fe + (to form CF and Fe3+), but CF would not react with Fe3+. 

FIGURE 14.3 Mnemonic devices, the arrows on the left, for predicting which chemicals will participate in a redox reaction and which will not. A segment of the table of standard reduction potentials (Table 14.1) is presented on the right as a help to understand the use of the arrows. See text for an example. 

The Maxwell relations (5.49a-d) are easy to rederive from the fundamental differential forms (5.46a-d). However, these relations are used so frequently that it is useful to employ a simple mnemonic device to recall their exact forms as needed. Sidebar 5.7 describes the thermodynamic magic square, which provides such a mnemonic for Maxwell relations and other fundamental relationships of simple (closed, single-component) systems. 

Imaginary asymmetric catalyst surface A mnemonic device for predicting enantioface selection... 

As in the AD, cinchona alkaloids are utilized as ligands in the AA. Because the face selectivities in these two processes are identical, it was concluded that the stereochemistry-determining steps should be identical or at least closely related with each other. Predictions of the absolute configurations of the amino alcohols obtained by AA can, therefore, be made by using the same mnemonic device as given for the AD (see Section 6D.1). 

An auditory learner, by contrast, likes oral directions. He may find written materials confusing or boring. He often talks to himself and may even whisper aloud when he reads. He likes being read aloud to. An auditory learner will want to say things aloud as he studies. He could even make tapes for himself and listen to them later. Oral repetition is an important study tool for him. Making up rhymes or other oral mnemonic devices will help him, and he may like to listen to music as he works. 

The facial selectivity of the dihydroxylation can reliably be predicted using the mnemonic device 42. The smallest substituent on the olefin (generally the hydrogen) is always placed in the south-east quadrant (H), which is the most hindered space in the asymmetric environment. The south-west quadrant (RL) is especially attractive for large aliphatic groups in the case of PYR 39 and for aromatic groups in the case of PHAL 43. Use of DHQD 40 causes dihydroxylation from the /9-side. Treatment of enol ether 9 with the common (DHQD)2PHAL-system provides only 32 % ee. 

A. A. Frost, B. Musulin, J. Chem. Phys. 21, 572 (1953). A Mnemonic Device for Molecular Orbital Energies. 

Group names, melting point, density, and properties of compounds Groups 1,2, 17, and 18 are often identified with a group name. These names are shown in the table below. Several elements are found as diatomic molecules (H2, N2, 02, and the halogens F2, Cl2, Br2, and l2). Mnemonic devices to remember the diatomic elements are Br2l2N2Cl2H202F2 (pronounced Brinklehof and Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer. These molecules are attracted to one another using weak London dispersion forces. 

An easy mnemonic device to remember the diatomic elements is Dr. Brinclhof. If you spell the last name this way, BrINCIHOF, you should quickly recognize the seven diatomic elements Br(omine), l(odine), N(itrogen), Cl(chlorine), H(ydrogen), O(xygen), and F(luorine). 

There are several terms you should be familiar with for voltaic cells. First, the voltage that is impressed across the circuit (that is, the difference in electrical potential between the zinc strip and the copper strip) is known as the cell voltage, which is also occasionally called the cell potential or the electromotive force, EMF. The copper electrode, because it becomes negatively charged and attracts cations, is known as the cathode. The zinc electrode becomes positively charged and is known as the anode. You are expected to know which part of the reaction takes place at the cathode and which part takes place at the anode. These can sometimes be difficult to remember, so a simple mnemonic device can help you distinguish between the two. Oxidation occurs at the Anode (note how each term starts with a vowel), and deduction occurs at the Cathode (note how each term starts with a consonant). 

Bower, G. H. (1970). Analysis of a mnemonic device. American Scientist, 58, 496-510. 

Balancing a chemical equation requires an understanding of the Law of Conservation of Mass, which says that mass cannot be created or destroyed. The amount of mass in the reactants will be the amount of mass in the products. The credit for this discovery is given to Antoine Lavoisier, who took very careful measurements of the quantities of chemicals and equipment that he used. Conservation of mass also holds true when balancing equations. The number of atoms of each element in the reactants will be equal to the number of atoms of each element in the products. A useful mnemonic device for conservation of mass is What goes in, must come out. ... 

You have already encountered problems involving moles, molecules, and molar masses earlier in this book. There is still one other relationship that needs to be connected with the mole and that is molar volume. Once you make a connection between moles and volume, mass, and molecules you will be able to solve problems easily. One very helpful mnemonic device to use is the Mole-Go-Round. Some think of this method as a way of cheating the system, but because the SAT II exam does not require you to show work, the Mole-Go-Round is a perfectly acceptable method for achieving better results. 

This expression is called a mass action equation. The brackets in the equation represent the concentration of the products and reactants. Notice that the products are placed in the numerator while the reactants are placed in the denominator. Also notice that the coefficients are now the powers of the concentration of each substance. The mnemonic device used to remember these rules is Products Over Reactants, Coefficients Become Powers. One other rule that you need to know is that you do not include substances that are in the liquid or solid phases. These concentrations are written as the number l in the equation. 

Finally, acids and bases can change the colors of certain indicators. Some examples are phenolphthalein and litmus. The chart below summarizes the colors of these two important indicators. A good mnemonic device to help you remember litmus indicators is BRA Blue turns Red in Acid. Other indicators that can be used are methyl orange and bromothymol blue. 

Because the Zn electrode lost electrons (oxidation), it is called the anode (remember the mnemonic device AN OX ). The Cu electrode gained electrons (reduction) and is called the cathode (remember the mnemonic device RED CAT ). The anode is considered to be the negative electrode in the voltaic cell and the cathode is considered to be the positive electrode. 

D Remember the mnemonic device, Products over reactants, coefficients become powers. ... 

Remember the mnemonic device, I heard about hydrogen bonding on the FON. That is, when hydrogen is bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, the conditions for hydrogen bonding exist. 

Remember the mnemonic device, An Ox, and that oxidation occurs at the anode. This means that the half reaction at the anode will show a loss of electrons. The negatively charged bromine ions will serve this purpose. The half reaction must also be written correctly as well. 

A Water is the only substance from the list that will exhibit hydrogen bonds. Remember the mnemonic device FON. ... 

Using the periodic table as a mnemonic device has several advantages over relying on the + rule and other rules ... 

A helpful mnemonic device to remember the nature of the hydrogen bonding between, the four DNA bases is the si mpU phrase Pure silver taxi. ... 

A helpful mnemonic device is OIL RIG (Oxidation /nvolves Loss deduction /nvolves Gain). 

In order to qualitatively predict the sense of re-face discrimination the following empirical working model has been proposed by the authors as a useful mnemonic device. 

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