Other Methods of Detection

Radioactive tracers can show flow pathways that cannot be detected using other methods of detection. Tritiated water added to a holding tank results in radioactivity in the water from wells that draw from the ground water supply into which the holding tank drains. 

The sensors discussed so far are based on ligands covalently bound to the polymer backbone. Other methods of detection - often referred to as mix and detect methods - work by simple noncovalent incorporation of the polymer with the ligand of interest. Reichert et al. generated liposomes of polydiacetylene with sialic acid for the same purpose of detection as Charych s surface-bound polymers, but realized that covalent functionalization of the polymer was not necessary [17]. Through simple mixing of the lipid-bound sialic acid with the polymer before sonication and liposome formation, they were able to form a functional colorimetric recognition system (Fig. 8). 

Other methods of detection and analysis of firedamp are discussed in Refs 1, 4, 5, 6,... 

Other methods of detection of hybridisation event consist of the use of labels. These labels can be divided into electroactive and enzymatic labels. The schemes commonly used for detection are scheme b or c. The scheme selected to detect the hybridisation event depends on whether the target is labelled with a marker by PCR amplification or using a labelling kit, or whether a labelled synthetic detector oligonucleotide is used. These methods are usually the most sensitive, but the need of a labelling step makes them more complex, tedious and... 

Other Methods of Detection. Other ways to detect p-jump relaxations include thermal properties of the reaction system using a rapid calorimetric method in which the heat of reaction is measured. The main problem with this method is that the time resolution is not very high. 

Flow systems lend themselves to several other methods of detection. Radicals such as Me- or MeO- have been studied by flowing them through the cavity of an ESR spectrometer. The deflection of a beam of molecules in an electric field may give information about any permanent Dipole Moment of the species under investigation. Mass spectrometric detection and even stractural measurements by gas electron diffraction may be made on the vapor. 

Besides speed and linear range, the three detectors under consideration can be well characterized by the three classical standards sensitivity, selectivity, and reliability. These standards will also offer a basis of comparison with some of the other methods of detection presented in this symposium. 

Colour tests are also given by Fulton [106]. Precipitation tests are given by references [107-14 inc.], microprecipitation tests by references [5, 114-20 inc.], and other methods of detection and identification of codeine by references [121-42 inc.]. 

Other methods of detecting and estimating apomorphine are given in references [35-62 inc.]. 

Other methods of detecting the status of the mat during the high Speed dyno test, such as Thermo Imaging Cameras were also used, but there was sufficient data fi om thermocouple measurements to allow excellent prediction of mat status. The extent of can expansion after the test was recorded after allowing the can to cool. This gave the extent of permanent mat gap damage. It is inconclusive since with mat loss, the can is then exposed to unrepresentative temperatures. 

Ability of H. pylori to produce urease is clinically used for detection by the [13C]-urea breath test and clofazimine (CLO) tests. Other methods of detection include biopsy (histologic identification is the gold standard) and serology. 

There are distinct advantages that this approach has over other methods of detecting DNA-protein interactions. First of all, DNA cleavage at a single site on many kilobases of DNA yields a positive autoradiographic signal, easy to detect in an electrophoresis experiment. The opposite method. 

Advantages and Limitations of Radiometric Titrations. Radiometric detection of the equivalence point is a general method that does not depend on the chemical reaction employed. This contrasts with other methods of detection, which depend on specific chemical or physical transitions at the equivalence point. Amperometric titrations are applicable only to electrochemically active systems conductometric titrations apply only to ionic solutions, and so on. In principle, any titration system in which a phase separation can be effected is amenable to radiometric detection, provided there exist suitable radioactive labels. The major limitation of the method is the requirement for phase separation. In precipitation titrations, the phase separation is automatic and the method is well suited to this class of titrations. For other classes of titrations, special phase-separation methods, such as solvent extraction, need to be applied. At the present time, the method suffers from a lack of phase-separation techniques suitable for continuous monitoring of the titration curves. 

Pseudo-stationary phases can be used to improve the resolving power of either type of FCCE. MEKC works well in narrow diameter open tubes for separating neutral analytes based on their hydrophobicity differences. Chiral selectors such as cyclodextrins can be used with either method. Other methods of detection such as noncontact conductivity and modes such as CEC have yet to be explored but may prove useful in the future. 

While optical methods remain the favored means of analysis in both flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis, other methods of detection have been used with great effectiveness from time to time, including conductivity and ESR spectroscopy. The latter technique, in association with flash photolysis in particular, has led to the observation of ESR signals with anomalous intensities, for example, appearing totally in emission, a phenomenon described as chemically induced dynamic electron polarization or CIDER... 

The use of MS as a detector for TLC involves identification of substances in a mixture, as well their separation. A necessary condition in this approach is the purity of a sample within a spot on the chromatogram. A special problem is the large quantity of support and, sometimes, a binding material and mobile-phase residues. Some other factors that might potentially hinder TLC/MS are water, which is physically bound to the support, as well as, in some cases, the organic modifier of the support. A factor which complicates the detection process in TLC/MS may also be the presence of derivatives in a sample peak displayed on a chromatogram. That is why the analyzed sample should be as free of contamination with other additives as possible and the support matrix should be carefully removed before MS analysis. These indications refer, to a lesser degree, to other methods of detection that are performed after total extraction of sample molecules from a sample matrix. It is a widely known fact that most of the... 

Solvents used should be compatible with UV absorbance, fluori-metric detection, and other methods of detection. 

By analyzing the tracks produced by individual particles in cloud chambers, stacks of photographic emulsions, and bubble chambers, and by other methods of detecting particles, the decay of individual particles has been studied, and it has been found that in every case there is conservation of mass-energy and conservation of momentum. Other conservation principles have also been found to be adhered to rigorously, as follows ... 

The spots due to amino acids c m now be detected on accoimt of the blue color that they develop. If not sprayed, the reagents may be applied to the paper by either Immersing the paper in the reagent or by treating the paper to the reagent vapours. Other methods of detection are (i) ultraviolet and infrared absorption, (ii) fluorescence, and (W) radioactivity. Otherwise, the components may be extracted and chemical and physical tests be performed on the extract. 

In the in vivo human skin model, a hand is generally placed in the solution under study or a predetermined skin area from the back or forearm is treated for a specified time, after which the material of interest remaining on the skin is removed. Absorption is measured by assessing changes in plasma or urine concentration over time or from stratum comeum concentrations in tape stripping samples [82, 92]. Other methods of detection have been employed and will be discnssed. 

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