Diameters, open

Pipe Lines For quantities of fluid which an economic investigation indicates are sufficiently large and continuous to justify the investment, pipe lines are one of the lowest-cost means of transportation. They have been built up to 1.22 m (48 in) or more in diameter and about 3200 km (2000 mi) in length for oil, gas, and other products. Water is usually not transported more than 160 to 320 km (100 to 200 miles), but the conduits may be much greater than 1.22 m (48 in) in diameter. Open canals are also used for water transportation. 

A 4 in. diameter open can has a 1/4 in. diameter hole in the bottom. The can is immersed bottom down in a pool of water, to a point where the bottom is 6 in. below the water surface and is held there while the water flows through the hole into the can. How long will it take for the water in the can to rise to the same level as that outside the can Neglect friction, and assume a pseudo steady state, i.e., time changes are so slow that at any instant the steady state Bernoulli equation applies. 

Selective deposition of NPs inside wide diameter CNTs is also possible [187], as demonstrated initially by Tessonier et al. [188], A concentrated aqueous solution of metal salt is prepared and dropped slowly onto a relatively large amount (10 g) of wide diameter, opened MWCNTs with vigorous stirring. The slurry was then allowed to dry at room temperature during which capillary forces draw the metal ions into the MWCNTs interior prior to thermal reduction to produce metal NPs inside the MWCNTs [188]. 

If multiple sizes of the same container/closure configuration are aseptically filled, selective sizes may be used for media fills. Containers with the widest diameter openings and slowest line speed should be included in the media-filling regimen and may be representative of worst-case conditions. However, the small containers may be representative of these conditions because of lack of container stability in the line operations. 

Common chiral stationary phases for gas chromatography have cyclodextrins bonded to a conventional polysiloxane stationary phase.7-8 Cyclodextrins are naturally occurring cyclic sugars. P-Cyclodextrin has a 0.78-nm-diameter opening into a chiral, hydrophobic cavity. The hydroxyls are capped with alkyl groups to decrease the polarity of the faces.9... 

D. Ball, Plug, and GatO Valves. The valves discussed above often introduce considerable restriction into the system because of small orifices and tortuous flow patterns. Such restrictions are not serious for most applications at 1 atm pressure or above, but they may be unacceptable for vacuum applications, where small-diameter openings are a serious impediment (see Chapter 6). Ball and... 

Fig. 10.10. O-Ring sealed bolted flange closure. This type of joint is used for large diameter openings. The groove to receive an O-ring seal is machined so that the depth E is 0% of the O-ring width and Fis 135% of the O-ring width. The extra clearance is on the inside of the groove for applications in which the apparatus is to be pressurized and on the outside of the groove when the apparatus is to be evacuated.

In 1935, Van Dijck proposed that the extraction efficiency of a perforated-plate column could be improved by either pulsing the liquid contents of the column or by reciprocating the plates. The latter idea was relatively little exploited until the late 1950s, when Karr reported data on a 3-in.-diameter, open-type, perforated reciprocating-plate column. The column was further developed by Karr and Lo by employing baffles. 

According to the engineering drawings, a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter open nozzle was originally considered the tank vent. Over the seven years of operation, this 6-inch flange... 

Capacity parameters (C) i.e. those parameters which affect the phase ratio film thickness, surface area, column diameter (open columns), porosity (packed columns). 

The amount of imbibition applied at each mill is approximately equal to the amount of water applied to the fourth mill or to the penultimate mill in a differently numbered tandem. The expressed juice is screened through perforated metal screens with l-mm diameter openings. Additional screening may be provided by stationary or vibrating metal cloths. 

The feeding tube with a length of 2-4 m, depending on its diameter, opens into a closed reactor where the wastes are heated up to approximately 360-380°C, at which temperature they are transformed into polyolefin wax after being cracked. 

Figure 5-2 Illustration of the Processing Steps in Tomato Concentrates Finisher Screens with Different Diameter Openings were Used to Vary Pulp Particle Size and Content (Tanglertpaibul and Rao, 1987a).

The amount of fallout obtained in relatively undisturbed open country is often a surprise to those who have not worked in the area of air pollution measurement. For example, collection of 100 mg of dustfall during a 30-day period by a glass container having a 10-cm-diameter opening, does not sound like much. But in conventional fallout units this amounts to 424mg/m day, or more impressively as 36.4ton/(mile) month (Eqs. 2.2 and 2.3). 

Typically the gas is expanded through a OT mm diameter nozzle which can be heated up to about 1000°C. The nozzle pressure has to be of the order of 2000 torr. The core of the beam passes through a skimmer with 0-5 mm diameter opening whose position in respect to the nozzle can be varied. The nozzle-skimmer distance is usually of the order of 5 mm. The beam can be further collimated by a slit. 

Geometric variables for design are few perforation type and size, open area, and tray spacing. The perforations are usually round and in the range of 12.7- to 25.4-mm diameter. Open areas run from 15 to 25%. Vapor flow capacity (entrainment limitation) is correlated in a fashion similar to that for crossflow trays, as shown in Figure 12.41, from reference 47. The hgure is based on FRI data taken in a 1.2-m diameter column. 

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