Other Causes

1e Other Causes. Autoimmune diseases, nutritional imbalances, and genetic derangements may also cause cell injury and death. It should be noted that individual variations in genetic makeup also influence the ability of cells to withstand chemicals and other environmental insults. 

2 Pathogenesis of Reversible Versus Irreversible Cell Injury 

Cell swelling Loss of microvilli Membrane blebs ER swelling Myelin figures 

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No firm conclusion should be drawn from the above data, through the observed pattern deserves attention. The AE activity observed on the SH header can originate from the weld, but could be due to other causes, namely to the settlement of the hanger. Ultrasonic inspection of the weld at regular intervals checks whether any sizeable change in NDT response from the weld has taken place. 

Broadening of spots can result from themial diffuse scattering and island fomiation, among other causes. The themial effects arise from the disorder in atomic positions as they vibrate around their equilibrium sites the sites themselves may be perfectly crystalline. 

One other cause of hysteresis remains to be mentioned. As was pointed out earlier (p. 177) the contact angle may be different as the mercury is advancing over or receding from a solid surface, and it depends also on the chemical and physical state of the surface the mercury may even react with the surface layer of the solid to form an amalgam. A change in 9 of only a few degrees has a significant effect on the calculated value of pore radius (cf. Table 3.15). 

Schematic diagram showing the development of a dipolar field and ionization on the surface of a metal filament, (a) As a neutral atom or molecule approaches the surface of the metal, the negative electrons and positive nuclei of the neutral and metal attract each other, causing dipoles to be set up in each, (b) When the neutral particle reaches the surface, it is attracted there by the dipolar field with an energy Q,. (c) If the values of 1 and <() are opposite, an electron can leave the neutral completely and produce an ion on the surface, and the heat of adsorption becomes Q,. Similarly, an ion alighting on the surface can produce a neutral, depending on the values of I and <(), On a hot filament the relative numbers of ions and neutrals that desorb are given by Equation 7.1,which includes the difference, I - <(), and the temperature, T,...

Natural line broadening is usually very small compared with other causes of broadening. However, not only is it of considerable theoretical importance but also, in the ingenious technique of Lamb dip spectroscopy (see Section 2.3.5.2), observations may be made of spectra in which all other sources of broadening are removed. 

Hot Work. The objective of a hot work standard is to prevent fires, explosions, and other causes of injury which might result from workplace ignition sources such as welding (qv), cutting, grinding, and use of electrically powered tools. The OSHA standards have specific requirements (36,94) for fire prevention and protection and a permit system. 

The other cause of constmction problems is the introduction of badly chosen, or even unauthorized, changes during constmction in order to expedite the work. Any changes in details, material specifications, or erection procedure must be given careful consideration by both the builder and silo designer. 

Bending or torsional flexibihty may be provided by bends, loops, or offsets by corrugated pipe or expansion joints of the bellows type or by other devices permitting rotational movement. These devices must be anchored or otherwise suitably connected to resist end forces from fluid pressure, frictional resistance to pipe movement, and other causes. 

Types The primaiy cause of electrostatic charging is contact electrification, which takes place when two different materials are brought into contact and separated. Other causes include induction charging, the formation of sprays, and impingement of charged mist on an ungrounded conductor. 

The causes of vibration have already been discussed. An increase in vibration over a period of time is generally caused by loss of ahgn-ment, setthng of the foundation, or sticking of some expansion feature such as a pipe or a pedestal. Other causes are wear in the teeth of a flexible couphng, an internal rub in the unit, loss of bearing oil, and bearing wear. (Startup vibration is discussed later under temperature bow.)... 

Other causes of a temperature bow are leaky valves and damaged sleeves. If steam is leaking into a stopped turbine from either an exhaust valve or a stop valve that is leaking, the upper half will be... 

Systematic Measurement Error Fourth, measurements are subject to unknown systematic errors. These result from worn instruments (e.g., eroded orifice plates, improper sampling, and other causes). While many of these might be identifiable, others require confidence in all other measurements and, occasionally, the model in order to identify and evaluate. Therefore, many systematic errors go unnoticed. 

Table 1 Mortality from cancer of the stomach and other causes between 1 January 1946 and 28 February 1981 among 1327 male workers in a factory making ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Deaths observed compared with deaths expected from statistics for workers in comparable jobs in the locality. Statistics for heavily and less heavily exposed workers combined ...

Injury to plants and vegetation is caused by a variety of factors, of which air pollution is only one. Drought, too much water, heat and cold, hail, insects, animals, disease, and poor soil conditions are some of the other causes of plant injury and possible plant damage (3). Estimates suggest that less than 5% of total crop losses are related to air pollution. Air pollution has a much greater impact on some geographic areas and crops than others. Crop failure can be caused by fumigation from a local air pollution source or by more widespread and more frequent exposure to adverse levels of pollution. 

Zeta potentials of floe produeed in the plant may also be measured as a means of eontrol. The zeta potential value for optimum eoagulation must be determined for a given wastewater by aetual correlation with jar tests or with plant performance. The control point is generally in the range of 0 to 10 millivolts. If good correlations can be obtained between some zeta potential values and optimum plant performance, then it is possible to make rapid measurements of particle charge to compensate for major variations in wastewater composition due to storm flows or other causes. 

Passive A reaction capable of generating 150 psig pressure in case of a runaway, done in a 250 psig reactor. The reactor can contain the runaway reaction. However, if 150 psig pressure is generated, the reactor could fail due to a defect, corrosion, physical damage or other cause. 

The risk to the population in the area near a nuclear power plant of cancer fatalities that might result from nuclear power plant operation should not exceed 0.1% of the sum ol cancer fatality risk resulting from all other causes, ... 

Linnecessary noise, these should be cleaned regularly. Imbalance, whether due to dirt or to other causes, should be corrected by adjustment. Detective bearings should be adjusted or replaced. Struts and sharp edges in front of an impeller should be avoided. Impact noise insulation should be introduced between fan room and floor structure and between fan room and connecting ducts. The fan unit should be enclosed, with satisfactory airborne sound insulation as the objective. 

There will be comparatively little interest in the imderlying causes of errors leading to accidents. This is because the TSE view assigns virtually all errors to unsafe acts that are preventable by the individual workers concerned. There is therefore little incentive to delve into other causes. 

Restrictions or other causes of back-pressure in the discharge piping deflect the shaft in the opposite direction. Referring back to the illustration, the shaft would be deflected toward the front of the picture. If the discharge were vertical and in the downward direction, the primary radial measurement point would be at the top of the pump s bearing cap looking downward. 

When contemplating the use of copper-base materials for industrial purposes it is necessary to bear in mind that even though a satisfactory life of the component may be obtained, trouble can arise from other causes ... 

If the precipitate is still appreciably contaminated as a result of coprecipitation or other causes, the error may often be reduced by dissolving it in a suitable solvent and then re-precipitating it. The amount of foreign substance present in the second precipitation will be small, and consequently the amount of the entrainment by the precipitate will also be small. 

Users are warned that a rupture disk will not burst at its design pressure if back pressure builds up in the space between the disk and the safety or safety relief valve which will occur should leakage develop in the rupture disk due to corrosion or other cause. 

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