Other Additive Types

When only 0.1% (m/v) BMI is added into the control electrolyte, the high-voltage cycling perfomiance of LiCo02A-i cells is improved evidently while charging the cell up to 4.5 V rather than the conventional 4.2 V. 

SEM and XPS measurements showed that an interface film is formed on the cathode surface from BMI in electrolyte. AC impedance spectra and charge/discharge test were tested after incubation of the charged cell at 60°C. LSV was used to test the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte with the addition. The results demonstrate that the improvement of high-voltage performance is attributed to the surface film on cathode. 

A branched oligomer from N-phenyknaleimide and bismaleim-ide was tested as additive in lithium-ion batteries in order to increase the safety performance by reducing the probability of batteries suffering an internal short circuit (95). 

Several safety tests for batteries have been described (96). In the nail penetration test, a LiCo02/mesocarbon microbeads full battery with the branched oligomer showed a significant improvement in the thermal stability and was able to restrain the temperature of the battery at about 85°C. The nail penetration test was conducted according to the standard procedure described in UL1642 (97) and SBA GllOl (98). An internal short circuit occurs upon nail penetration, and the thermal runaway behavior can be observed if there is no mechanism to quench the heat or stop the chain reaction quickly. 

Furthermore, it was found that the branched oligomer showed a better cycling and electrochemical performance in comparison to a battery with a bismaleimide-containing branched oligomer in the electrolyte. 

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The martensitic alloys contain 12 to 20 percent chromium with controlled amounts of carbon and other additives. Type 410 is a typical member of this group. These alloys can be hardened by heat treatment, which can increase tensile strength from 550 to 1,380 MPa (80,000 to 200,000 Ibfiin ). 

A feature of PTMSN is a relatively high gas permeability coefficient P, higher than those of other addition-type polynorbomenes and comparable with permeability coefficients of... 

Table 3.3 Permeability coefficients (P, Barter) of PTMSN and other addition-type ...

High alpha-ceUulose chemical woodpulp paper, machine-made primarily from fast-growiag softwoods, sized usiag alkaline calcium compounds, and loaded with fillers and other additives, constitutes a presumably more stable material. Different types of paper are used for art, manuscripts, documents, books, etc, each having its own properties of color, texture, feel, etc. 

Reactive Flame Retardants. Reactive flame retardants become a part of the polymer by either becoming a part of the backbone or by grafting onto the backbone. Choice of reactive flame retardant is more complex than choice of an additive type. The reactive flame retardant can exert an enormous effect on the final properties of the polymer. There are also reactive halogenated compounds used as iatermediates to other flame retardants. Tables 8 and 9 Hst the commercially avaHable reactive flame retardants and iatermediates. 

Other nonpolymeric radical-initiated processes include oxidation, autoxidation of hydrocarbons, chlorination, bromination, and other additions to double bonds. The same types of initiators are generally used for initiating polymerization and nonpolymerization reactions. Radical reactions are extensively discussed in the chemical Hterature (3—15). 

In addition to the solvent soluble toners, alkah water-soluble toners have been produced. These types include WST produced by Day-Glo and Aquabest produced by Radiant Color. These toners are dissolved ia water which contains a portion of ammonia and, if necessary, some isopropyl alcohol. These toners can be used as binders or additional binders and other additives can be added to give the ink the desired properties. These toners are condensation-type polymers other than the formaldehyde types. 

The three classes of PE, designated as A, B, and C, specify the color, amount, and type of antioxidants and other additives. Class A refers to naturally colored PE, Class B includes white or black polymer, and Class C covers weather-resistant black polymer containing no less than 2% carbon black. Typical characteristics of resins used for film manufacture, injection mol ding, and blow mol ding are given in Table 5. 

A plasticizer is a substance the addition of which to another material makes that material softer and more flexible. This broad definition encompasses the use of water to plasticize clay for the production of pottery, and oils to plasticize pitch for caulking boats. A more precise definition of plasticizers is that they are materials which, when added to a polymer, cause an increase in the flexibiUty and workabiUty, brought about by a decrease in the glass-transition temperature, T, of the polymer. The most widely plasticized polymer is poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) due to its excellent plasticizer compatibility characteristics, and the development of plasticizers closely follows the development of this commodity polymer. However, plasticizers have also been used and remain in use with other polymer types. 

Metering Pumps. For small flow rates, such as dosing chemical additives where precise control is requited, progressive cavity self-contained pumping units are used. These can often handle shear-sensitive fluids or Hquids containing abrasive particles. These pumps are not as widely pubHci2ed or generally as well known in the Hterature as other pump types. 

During the 1980s, antimony was widely used in FCCUs that had a problem with contaminant metals. In the late 1980s, other additives were introduced to combat the contaminant metals, eg. Chevron introduced a bismuth-based additive, which is claimed to provide performance similar to antimony (18). Also in the late 1980s, cracking catalysts were developed with metals traps that appear to be so effective in containing the adverse effects of contaminant metals that additive-type inhibitors are no longer needed (19). 

The acetates of most alcohols are also commercially available and have diverse uses. Because of their high solvent power, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, amyl, and isoamyl acetates are used in ceUulose nitrate and other lacquer-type coatings (see Cellulose, esters). Butyl and hexyl acetates are exceUent solvents for polyurethane coating systems (see Coatings Urethane polymers). Ethyl, isobutyl, amyl, and isoamyl acetates are frequentiy used as components in flavoring (see Flavors and spices), and isopropyl, benzyl, octyl, geranyl, linalyl, and methyl acetates are important additives in perfumes (qv). 

Additional power data for other impeller types such as anchors, cui ved-blade turbines, and paddles in baffled and unbaffled vessels are available in the following references Holland and Chapman, op. 

Screened SL construction (HSL type) which, in addition to possessing its own insulation and screen also has a separate lead sheath for each core as against a common lead sheath in the other two types... 

It is now common practice to use sulphur in conjunction with several other additives. First amongst them are vulcanisation accelerators, of which there are many types. In the absence of an accelerator about 10 parts of sulphur is required, the vulcanisation time may be a matter of hours and much of the sulphur is... 

Another important application area for PSAs in the electronic industry focuses on the manufacturing, transport and assembly of electronic components into larger devices, such as computer disk drives. Due to the sensitivity of these components, contamination with adhesive residue, its outgassing products, or residue transferred from any liners used, needs to be avoided. Cleanliness of the whole tape construction becomes very critical, because residuals like metal ions, surfactants, halogens, silicones, and the like can cause product failures of the electronic component or product. Due to their inherent tackiness, acrylic PSAs are very attractive for this type of application. Other PSAs can be used as well, but particular attention has to be given to the choice of tackifier or other additives needed in the PSA formulation. The choice of release liner also becomes very critical because of the concern about silicone transfer to the adhesive, which may eventually contaminate the electronic part. 

Rubber base adhesives develop strength faster than most other polymeric types. Fig. 1 [3J shows the differences in the development of peel strength for several rubber polymers (without additional additives, except an antioxidant). Natural... 

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