Osmosis nanofiltration

Singh, Rajindar (M.A.E. Environmental Technologies). A Review of Membrane Technologies Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration and Ultrcfiltration. Ultrapure Water, Tall Oaks Publishing, Inc., USA, March 1997. 

Membrane filtration (reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration)... 

In temperate climate zones it may be more appropriate to install a nanofiltration process rather than reverse osmosis. Nanofiltration allows the production of drinking water from polluted rivers. As for reverse osmosis, pretreatment is important to control fouling of the membranes. One of the largest such plants produces 140,000 m3/day of water for the North Paris region(26). 

Nonporous anisotropic, thin-film composite Pervaporation Reverse Osmosis Nanofiltration ... 

Wilbert, M.C., Pellegrino, J., and Zydney, A., Bencb-scale testing of surfactant-modified reverse osmosis/nanofiltration membranes. Desalination, 115(1), 15, 1998. 

Natarajan, P., State-of-the-art techniques in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis in drinking-water supply. Water Supply, 14(3/4, 20th International Water Supply Congress and Exhibition, 1995), 308, 1996. 

Conventional methods for treating wastewater containing dyes, aromatic compounds, or heavy metals are coagulation, flocculation, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and pervaporation (Paul and Ohlrogge, 1998), and activated carbon adsorption, the latter of which is combined with membrane processes like nanofiltration (Eilers and Melin, 1999) or ultrafiltra-tion (Lenggenhager and Lyndon, 1997). 

Membrane technology used in water reclamation includes five major membrane types reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and liquid membranes. These five types of membranes are discussed briefly, and examples of their applications in municipal and industrial wastewater reclamation is also described. 

Membranes are used for a wide variety of separations. A membrane serves as a barrier to some particles while allowing others to selectively pass through. The pore size, shape, and electrostatic surface charge are fundamental to particle removal. Synthetic polymers (cellulose acetate, polyamides, etc.) and inorganic materials (ceramics, metals) are generally the principal materials of construction. Membranes may be formed with symmetric or asymmetric pores, or formed as composites of ultra thin layers attached to coarser support material. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration relate to separation of ions, macromolecules, and particles in the 0.001 to 10 pm range (Rushton et al. 1996). 

S. Zhao, L. Zou, D. Mulcahy, Brackish water desahnation by a hybrid forward osmosis-nanofiltration system using divalent draw solute. Desalination 2012, 284, 175-181. 

Likewise, nanofiltration can be integrated into waste water treatment. Combined reverse osmosis/nanofiltration processes can offer higher water recovery than either process alone [122]. Moreover, nanofiltration can be combined with other membrane filtration processes [123], electrodialysis [124], or other waste water treatment processes such as ozonation [125]. 

Reverse osmosis/nanofiltration of organic liquid mixtures is accepted in refinery and food oil processing operations. Totai annual market U.S. 5 million/year in 2010,... 

Finally, in Chap. 8, attempts are made to correlate the AFM parameters, such as nodule and pore sizes, to the membrane performance data. Membranes used for a variety of membrane processes, including reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, gas and vapor separation, pervaporation, and other membrane separation processes, are covered in this chapter. AFM parameters are also correlated to membrane biofouhng. This chapter also includes appUcations of AFM to characterize biomedical materials, including artificial organs cind drug release. 

Description Reverse osmosis Nanofiltration Ultrafiltration Microfiltration Macrofiltration... 

The mass transfer coefficient is characterised by the hydrodynamic performance of the system. It was shown in the previous section that flow conditions (velocity, viscosity, density, solute diflusion coefficient) and module geometry determine the mass transfer coefficient. So far the correlations have been used for empty flow channels or tubes. However, in man> systems mrbulence promoters are present and these affect the mass transfer coefficient. For instance, spiral wound modules are applied in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and ulL-afiltration. These modules contain spacer materials to. separate both... 

Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and ultrafUtration are typically used in the cross-flow configuration, where the feed stream flows across or tangential to the membrane surface. The constant flow across the membrane surface minimizes the buildup in concentration of salts at the membrane surface for reverse osmosis and nanofiltration products, and inhibits the formation of a gel or particulate layer for ultrafUtration and microfUtration products. The permeate passes through the membrane, and the concentrate or retentate retains the dissolved and suspended solids rejected by the membrane. 

Ahmad Fauzi Ismail (development of membrane technology for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and membrane contactor). Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research Innovation) Founder and Director, Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center (AMTEC), University of Technology Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru,... 

Yoon, X, Amy, G., Chung, X, Sohn, X Yoon, Y. (2009) Removal of toxic ions (chromate, arsenate, and perchlorate) using reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration membranes. Chemosphere, 11 (2), 228-235. 

Figure 6.5. Schematic representation of reverse osmosis/nanofiltration (RO/NF) laboratory set up H -holdup tank, HP high pressure pump, M - manometer, MU - RO/NF cells, BPR - back pressure regulator. (Dolar et al, 2011).

Uranium removalfrom water using ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis... 

Chapter 9 will include all aspects of apphcations of carbon related membranes in separation processes such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, pervaporation, gas separation and fuel ceU. 

Permeability differences Permeation Dialysis Electrodialysis Reverse osmosis Nanofiltration... 

Dudziak M, Bodzek M. Factors driving rejection of micropollutants (xenoestrogens and phytoestrogens) during reverse osmosis/nanofiltration treatment. Archit Civ Eng Environ 2010 1 95-102. 

Membrane type Reverse osmosis Nanofiltration Ultrafiltration Microfiltration— ... 

This book was planned to commemorate the announcement of the first cellulose acetate membrane for reverse osmosis by Loeb and Sourirajan in 1960, which triggered R D activities for seawater desalination by membrane and eventually resulted in emergence of a novel industrial separation process. Membrane separation technologies that include reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltarion, membrane gas and vapor separation, pervaporation, membrane extraction, membrane distillation, bipolar membrane and others, touch nowadays all aspects of human life since they are applied in various branches of industries such as chemical process, petrochemical and petroleum, pharmaceutical, environmental and food processing industries. 

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