Odor image

In the last decade much effort has been oriented to the fabrication of artificial olfaction machines able to determine chemical images (also odor images) of complex volatile compounds. Today many different electronic noses and tongues are available for odor detection and classification and for the creation of chemical images of liquids. 

For mammals, if not vertebrates in general, multicomponent pheromones appear to be the rule. Such mixtures can comprise compounds of a wide range of volatility. They have been variously termed odor profile, pattern, odor image (Albone, 1984), gestalt (Evans ct al., 1978), or mosaic (Johnston, 2005). One of the best-investigated odor profiles is that of the scent mark of the saddle-back tamarin, S. fuscicoUis, (Smith et al, 1985). Here, not even the 16 butyrate esters are sufficient for subspecies recognition. Additional volatiles are also required. 

Korsching SI (2002) Olfactory maps and odor images. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12 387-392 Kwan KM, Fujimoto E, Grabher C, Mangum BD, Hardy ME, Campbell DS, Parant JM, Yost HJ, Kanki JP, Chen CB (2007) Construction kit for Tol2 transposon transgenesis constructs. Dev... 

Kwon JY, Dahanukar A, Weiss LA, Carlson JR (2007) The molecular basis of C02 reception in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 3574-3578 Laissue PP, Reiter C, Hiesinger PR, Halter S, Fischbach KF, Stocker RF (1999) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the antennal lobe in Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Neurol 405 543-552 Larsson MC, Domingos AI, Jones WD, Chiappe ME, Amrein H, Vosshall LB (2004) Or83b encodes a broadly expressed odorant receptor essential for Drosophila olfaction. Neuron 43 703-714 Lacaille F, Hiroi M, Twele R, Inoshita T, Umemoto D, Maniere G, Marion-Poll F, Ozaki M, Francke W, Everaerts C, Tanimura T, Ferveur J-F (2007) A inhibitory sex pheromone tastes bitter for males. PLoS ONE 2 e661 Laurent G (1996) Odor images and tunes. Neuron 16 473-476... 

To generate artificial odor maps, a population of 4,000 pseudo-sensors generated from the IR spectrum is projected chemotopically onto a 10x10 SOM lattice (100 nodes). The odor images are then low-pass filtered using a 5x5 Gaussian kernel. 

Fig. 6.3. shows the odor maps for ten different smell percepts from the IR database. The following observations can be made based on the odor images obtained from their IR absorption spectrum ... 

Spatial odor images for these compounds in the dorsal part of rat OB are shown in Figure 6.4. These odor maps were obtained using optical imaging techniques involving... 

We have presented a neuromorphic approach for correlating instrumental/sensor data of odorants with their organoleptic properties. This approach comprised of two complementing components (1) a model of early olfactory processing, which provides odor images that are qualitatively similar to those observed in the OB of animals, and... 

Muller-Schwarze, D., Morehouse, L., Corradi, R., Zhao, C.-H., and Silverstein, R.M. 1986. Odor images responses of beaver to castoreum fractions. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 4 (Ed. by D. Duvall, D. Muller-Schwarze, and R.M. Silverstein), pp. 561—570. New York Plenum Press. 

Odor Images Responses of Beaver to Castoreum Fractions... 

ODOR IMAGES RESPONSES OF BEAVER TO CASTOREUM FRACTIONS... 

The responses of the beaver show that a number of components are necessary for a behavioral effect, and that the response grows more intense with increasing complexity of the chemical stimulus. Thus, what started out as an experiment using "response-guided strategy" to pin down some active components, came to demonstrate an "odor image" (Albone, 1984). 

In our present study, the bioassay response is diminshed in the course of fractionation and the "response-guided strategy" (Albone, 1984) is not appropriate. Redundant components can further complicate the bioassay, but may function biologically to ensure the effectiveness of an important scent mark. In future studies, we propose to identify and synthesize as many of the odor components as possible in order to reproduce the odor image. 

Muller-Schwartze, D., L. Morehouse, R. Corradi, C. Zhao, and R.M. Silver-stein Odor Images Responses of Beaver to Castoreum Fractions. In D. Duvall, D. Muller-Schwartze and R.M. Silverstein eds. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates vol IV Ecology, Evolution and Comparative Biology. New York Plenum Press... 

ODOR IMAGES IN MICE AND HUMANS MAPPING ODOR SPACE WITHIN BRAIN SPACE... 

Korsching S (2002) Olfactory maps and odor images. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12 387-392... 

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