Organophosphorus chemical agents

Alak AM, Vo-Dinh T. 1987. Surface-enhanced raman spectrometry of organophosphorus chemical agents. Anal Chem 59 2149-2153. 

TABLE 20.2 Migration Order, Molecular Weight (MW), and Main FVagment Ions Detected by CE-MS/MS of Phosphonic Acids, Degradation Products of Active Organophosphorus Chemical Agents... 

Organophosphorus compounds are important intermediates in organic synthesis and have been widely used as pharmaceutical [1-6], agricultural [7], and chemical agents [8-14], Recently phosphorus heterocycles [15,16] have received considerable interest... 

Nerve gases Probably the most widely stocked chemical agents liquid, gas or aerosol toxins belonging to the group of organophosphorus compounds, which are absorbed by the skin or lungs, usually within 20 to 30 minutes. 

Nieuwenhuizen, M.S. and Harteveld, J.L.N., Development of a surface acoustic wave gas sensor for organophosphorus nerve agents employing lanthanide compounds as the chemical interface, Ta/anta, 41, 461 (1994). 

J. Enqvist and M. Rautio (Eds), A. General Reports. A.l Chemical and Instrumental Verification of Organophosphorus Warfare Agents ... 

R.M. Black and R.W. Read, Analysis of degradation products of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents and related compounds by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, J. Chromatogr A, 794, 233-244 (1998). 

J. Enqvist (Ed.), Systematic Identification of Chemical Warfare Agents, B.l Identification of Organophosphorus Warfare Agents. An Approach for the Standardization of Techniques and Reference Data, The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, 1979. 

R.M. Black and J.M. Harrison, The chemistry of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents, in The Chemistry of Organophosphorus Compounds, Vol. 4, F.R. Hartley (Ed.), John Wiley Sons, Ltd, 781-840, 1996. 

Figure 4. APCI (left) and ESI spectra of isopropyl ethylphosphonic acid, illustrating the lower abundance of adduct ions with APCI ions at mlz, 143 and 185 are adduct ions with MeOH mlz 175 is [M + Na]+. (Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography A, 794, R.M. Black and R.W. Read, Analysis of degradation products of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents and related compounds by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation, pp. 233-244 (1998), with permission from Elsevier)...

Chemical and Instrumental Verification of the Organophosphorus Warfare agents, The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Flelsinki, 1977. 

Richardson, D.D., Sadi, B.B.M., and Caruso, J.A. Reversed phase ion-pairing HPLC-ICP-MS for analysis of organophosphorus chemical warfare agent degradation products. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 2006, 21, 396-403. 

Smith, J.R., Schlager, J.J. (1996). Gas chromatographic separation of the stereoisomers of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents using cyclodextrin capillary columns. J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 19 151-4. 

Van der Schans, M.J., Noort, D., Fidder, A., Degenhardt, C.E.A.M., Benschop, H.P., Langenberg, J.P. (2002). Retrospective detection of exposure to organophosphorus anticholinesterases fluoride reactivation and mass spectrometric analysis of phosphylated human butyrylcholinesterase. The meeting of NATO TG 004 Task Group on Prophylaxis and Therapy of Chemical Agents. November 4-7, 2002, Oslo, Norway. 

Marrs, T.C. and Sellstroulm, A., 2007. The use of benzodiazepines in organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication, in Chemical Warfare Agents Toxicology and Treatment, 2nd ed., Marrs, T.C., Maynard, R.L., and Sidell, E, Eds., John Wiley Sons, West Sussex, England, chap. 16. 

Briggs, C., and Simons, K., Personal protection against chemical agent development of antidotal treatment for organophosphorus poisoning, Arch. Belg. Med. Soc., 20,260-273,1984. 

Important measures in prevention of military casualties include adequate detection measures, physical protection, chemical prophylaxis and proper treatment. In the terrorist context, proper emergency planning is key. Treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus nerve agents is dealt with in other chapters in this volume. 

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