Organochlorine pesticide supercritical

SFE. SFE has been established as the extraction method of choice for solid samples. The usefulness of SFE for soil samples has been demonstrated for carbamate,organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides. However, SFE is more effective in extracting nonpolar than polar residues. In order to obtain a greater extraction efficiency for the polar residues of imidacloprid, the addition of 20% methanol as modifier is required. Extraction at 276 bar and 80 °C with a solvent consisting of supercritical carbon dioxide modified with methanol (5%) for 40 min gives a recovery of 97% (RSD = 3.6%, n = 10). It is possible to use process-scale SFE to decontaminate pesticide residues from dust waste. ... 

Supercritical fluid extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Supercritical fluid extraction of PCB and organochlorine pesticides (update IVB)... 

The efficacy of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for the recovery of 16 common organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from liquid whole eggs was investigated by employing supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-C02) without the use of a solvent modifier to minimize interfering coextractives (Fiddler et al., 1999). 

Samples of sand spiked with 36 nitroaromatic compounds, 19 haloethers, and 42 organochlorine pesticides, and a standard reference soil (certified for 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, dibenzofuran, and pentachlorophenol) were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide in a two- or four-vessel supercritical fluid extractor to establish the efficiency of the extraction and the degree of agreement of the parallel extraction recoveries. Furthermore, the many variables that influence the extraction process (e.g., flowrate, pressure, temperature, moisture content, cell volume, sample size, extraction time, modifier type, modifier volume, static versus dynamic extraction, volume of solvent in the collection vessel, and the use of glass beads to fill the void volume) were investigated. 

Ling, Y. C., H. C. Teng, and C. Castwright, Supercritical fluid extraction and cleanup of organochlorine pesticides in Chinese herbal medicine, /. Chromatogr. A 835 (1-2), 145-157 (1999). 

Berset, J.D. Holzer, R. Quantitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludges using supercritical fluid extraction and mass spectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr., A 1999, 852, 545-558. 

Yoo WJ, Taylor LT. Supercritical fluid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticides from freeze-dried tissue of marine mussel, Mytilus edulis. J AOAC Int 1997 80 1336-1345. 

Figure 7.11 Results obtained for the supercritical extraction of various organochlorine pesticides from contaminated soil and Celite , showing the influence of (a) the soil matrix, and (b) the soil organic matter (SOM) content A, lindane B, aldrin C, dieldrin D, heptachlor E, isodrin (a) B, Celite , soil (b) B, SOM 0.2% , SOM 15% W, SOM 35% [4] (cf. DQ 7.8).

Supercritical fluid extraction Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides from soils, sediments, fly ash, solid-phase extraction media, and other solid materials which are amenable to extraction with conventional solvents As method 3560... 

Both static and dynamic extraction procedures have been developed, and supercritical fluids, such as methanol for the extraction of bound pesticide resides (Capriel et al. 1986) or of carbon dioxide/methanol for the cleanup of organochlorine pesticides in fatty tissue (France et al. 1991), have been used. In the latter study, attention was drawn to the importance of using carbon dioxide of suitable purity. 

France, J.E., J.W. King, and J.M. Snyder. 1991. Supercritical fluid-based cleanup technique for the separation of organochlorine pesticides from fats. /. Agric. Food Chem. 39 1871-1874. 

EPA method 3562, Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Organochlorinated Pesticides, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, EPA, Washington D.C., 1996. 

Ling, Y.-C. and Liao, J.-H., Matrix effect on supercritical fluid extraction of organochlorine pesticides from sulfur-containing soils, J. Chromatogr. A, 754, 285-294, 1996. 

Barnabas, I. J., Dean, J. R., Hitchen, S. M., and Owen, S. P., Selective supercritical fluid extraction of organochlorine pesticides and herbicides from aqueous samples, J. Chromatogr. Sci, 32, 547-551, 1994. 

Lenicek J, Sekyra M, Bednarkova K, Benes I, Sipek F (2000) Short term temperature dependent air-surface exchange and atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes and organochlorine pesticides. Environ Sci Technol 34 393-398 Li K, Landriault M, Fingas M, Llompart M (1998) Pressurised solvent extraction of environmental organic compounds in soils using a supercritical fluid extractor. Analusis 26 365-369... 

Berset, J.D. Holzer, R. Quantitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludges using supercritical fluid extraction and mass spectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr., A 1999, 852, 545-558. Gongalves, C. De-Rezende Pinto, M. Alpendurada, MJ. Benefits of a binary modifier with balanced polarity for an efficient supercritical fluid extraction of PAHs from solid samples followed by HPLC. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2001, 24 (19), 2943 -2959. 

Snyder JL, Grob RL, McNally ME, OostdykTS.The effect of instrumental parameters and soil matrix on the recovery of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides from soils using supercritical fluid extraction. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1993 31 183-191. 

Snyder et al. [20] have compared supercritical fluid extraction with classical sonication and Soxhlet extraction for the extraction of selected pesticides from soils. Samples extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 3% methanol at 350atm and 50°C gave a =85% recovery of organochlorine insecticides including Dichlorvos, Endrin, Endrin aldehyde, p,p -DDT mirex and decachlorobiphenyl (and organophosphorus insecticides). 

An automated supercritical fluid extraction and in-line clean-up system has been developed for organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residues contained in fats (Hopper, 1999). 

Hopper, M. L. (1997). Extraction and cleanup of organochlorine and organophosphonis pesticide residues in fat.s by supercritical fluid techniques. J. AOAC Inl. 80, 639-646. 

---