Organochlorine pesticides from soil

Supercritical fluid extraction Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides from soils, sediments, fly ash, solid-phase extraction media, and other solid materials which are amenable to extraction with conventional solvents As method 3560... 

Mikes O., P. Cupr, S. Trapp, and J. Klanova. 2008. Uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides from soil and air into radishes (Raphanus sativus). Environ. Pollut, doi 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.007. 

FIGURE 4.3 Loss of pesticides from soil, (a) Breakdown of herbicides in soil, (b) Disappearance of persistent organochlorine insecticides from soils (from Walker et al. 2000). 

Snyder JL, Grob RL, McNally ME, OostdykTS.The effect of instrumental parameters and soil matrix on the recovery of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides from soils using supercritical fluid extraction. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1993 31 183-191. 

Snyder et al. [20] have compared supercritical fluid extraction with classical sonication and Soxhlet extraction for the extraction of selected pesticides from soils. Samples extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 3% methanol at 350atm and 50°C gave a =85% recovery of organochlorine insecticides including Dichlorvos, Endrin, Endrin aldehyde, p,p -DDT mirex and decachlorobiphenyl (and organophosphorus insecticides). 

Kim, J.H., Smith, A., 2001. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from South Korea. Chemosphere 43, 137-140. 

Aigner, E.J., Leone, A.D., Falconer, R.L., 1998. Concentrations and enantiomeric ratios of organochlorine pesticides in soil from the US Corn Belt. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(9), 1162-1168. 

Snyder, J. L., Grob, R. L., McNally, M. E., Oostdyk, T. S. 1994. A different approach—using solid-phase disks and cartridges to extract organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides from soils, LC-GC, 12 230-242. 

Figure 7.11 Results obtained for the supercritical extraction of various organochlorine pesticides from contaminated soil and Celite , showing the influence of (a) the soil matrix, and (b) the soil organic matter (SOM) content A, lindane B, aldrin C, dieldrin D, heptachlor E, isodrin (a) B, Celite , soil (b) B, SOM 0.2% , SOM 15% W, SOM 35% [4] (cf. DQ 7.8).

Ling, Y.-C. and Liao, J.-H., Matrix effect on supercritical fluid extraction of organochlorine pesticides from sulfur-containing soils, J. Chromatogr. A, 754, 285-294, 1996. 

Aigner EJ, Leone AD, Falconer RL. (1998). Concentrations and enantiomeric ratios of organochlorine pesticides in soils from the U.S. Corn Belt. Environmental Science and Technololy 32 1162-1168. 

SFE. SFE has been established as the extraction method of choice for solid samples. The usefulness of SFE for soil samples has been demonstrated for carbamate,organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides. However, SFE is more effective in extracting nonpolar than polar residues. In order to obtain a greater extraction efficiency for the polar residues of imidacloprid, the addition of 20% methanol as modifier is required. Extraction at 276 bar and 80 °C with a solvent consisting of supercritical carbon dioxide modified with methanol (5%) for 40 min gives a recovery of 97% (RSD = 3.6%, n = 10). It is possible to use process-scale SFE to decontaminate pesticide residues from dust waste. ... 

Secondary air contamination is caused because pesticides on plant and soil surfaces convert into steam, or disperse by adsorbing on dust particles. Under certain conditions, up to 50% of such OCRs (organochlorine pesticides) as DDT, aldrin, and dieldrin move into the air during the week after a field is treated. DDT evaporates from a treated field at a rate of 10-50 kg/ha a year, depending on temperature, humidity, and air movement [3]. On the second or third day after treatment, OPP concentrations can be higher than on the first day as a result of pesticides converting into steam [22]. 

Hildebrandt A, Lacorte S, Barcelo D (2009) Occurrence and fate of organochlorinated pesticides and PAH in agricultural soils from the Ebro river basin. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 57 247-255... 

Lang, J.T., L.L. Rodriguez, and J.M. Livingston. 1979. Organochlorine pesticide residues in soils from six... 

Seventy-three soil samples from 0-to-5 cm depth along the N-S transect collected by ultraclean methods were analyzed for selected organochlorine pesticides. Only three of the samples had pesticide concentrations greater than the detection limit of the analytical method. 

Accelerated solvent extraction is a new technique for the extraction of a range of organic pollutants from soils and related material. The technique is based on the use of a solvent or combination of solvents to extract organic pollutants at elevated pressure and temperature from a solid matrix. The range of organic pollutants for which the technique is proposed includes semivolatile compounds, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, chlorinated herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [53-56],... 

Organochlorine pesticides (DDTs and HCHs) in soils from the outskirts of Beijing, China ... 

In this paper, the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of organic compounds from sand spiked with 36 nitroaromatic compounds, 19 haloethers, and 42 organochlorine pesticides, and from a standard reference material certified for 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), dibenzofuran, and pentachlorophenol was examined using a two- and a four-vessel extractor. Although the results achieved by SFE for the sand and the standard reference soil samples were very encouraging, previous data obtained in our laboratory on the standard reference soil and a few other standard reference marine sediments were less favorable. It was therefore decided that an investigation of seven variables for their influence on the analyte recoveries from the standard soil sample would be useful. Two tests were conducted in which these variables were investigated. In Test 1, the seven variables selected were pressure, temperature, moisture content, cell volume, sample size, extraction time, and modifier volume. In Test 2, the seven variables were pressure, temperature, volume of toluene added to the matrix, volume of solvent in the collection vessel,... 

Procedure. The field-portable system was taken to a grassy field where pesticides were extracted from a soil sample spiked with 100 /tg each of 18 organochlorine pesticides. The extraction from the 2.5 ml cartridge was performed at 55°C, 5000 psi, with 30 ml of CQ in 15 minutes. The collection solvent was hexane. 

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