Organic polymer alignment layers

Poly(vinylcinnamate) (PVC) films exposed to linearly polarised ultraviolet 

1 Organic Polymer Compensation Films for Liquid Crystal Displays  

There is an almost infinite potential to combine different kinds of compensation films in many different ways to achieve a given effect, e.g. compensation layers of negative birefringence with the optical axes in the plane of the cell situated on either side of a TN-LCD improve the viewing angle dependence in the horizontal plane, but not in the vertical plane. However, if the optical axis of the compensation layer is tilted with respect to the plane of the cell, then superior optical properties in the vertical direction are also achieved. Compen- 

More sophisticated optical compensation layers can be produced as anisotropic networks from reactive mesogens (liquid crystals) in a macroscopically 

There are many other processing methods which can reduce the viewing angle dependence of the optical properties of LCDs, e.g. pixel-divided cells and multidomain cells. However, these are beyond the scope of this monograph and will not be discussed further. Optical retardation sheets are often preferred by LCD manufacturers and systems integrators of FPDs, because commercially available compensation films can simply be laminated to the LCD using contact bonding. 

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One of the common surface structures of archea and bacteria are monomolecular crystalline arrays of protein subunits, called S-layers [106-109]. They constitute the outermost component of tlie cell envelope of these procaryotic organisms. S-layer subunits can be aligned in lattices with oblique, square, or hexagonal symmetry. Since S-layers are monomolecular assemblies of identical protein subunits, they exhibit pores of identical size and morphology. A group of nonclassical cell wall polymers, called secondary cell wall polymers (SCWPs), are attached noncova-lently, presumably by a lectin-type interaction, to the S-layer proteins. 

An actual example of an extended application with technological potential is the organic and non-volatile memory, based on an OFET. The main advantage of a non-volatile memory is that its information is maintained during the readout procedure (non-destructive readout, NDRO). A ferroelectric polymer is introduced as a dielectric layer in the OFET. Due to the ferroelectric alignment of dipoles the threshold voltage of the transistor is affected by their dipole moments and can be used as stored information. 

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