Organic compounds overview

Clark, R. M. (1990). Unit process research for removing volatile organic chemicals from drinking water An overview. In Significance and Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water Supplies, (N. M. Ram, R. F. Christman, and K. P. Cantor, eds.), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, ML... 

Synthetic organic chemical production is approximately 200 billion pounds per year. " There are more than 8 million known organic compounds, and of these, the compounds that are commercially produced are too numerous to mention. Only a brief overview of commercially produced syntlietic organic chemicals can be given here. 

This chapter presents an overview of the various methods for collecting and preparing samples for analysis, from classical to more modern techniques. We provide below a general overview, outlining some of the theory and practice of each technique. Our focus is mainly on the analysis of organic compounds of interest (analytes) in a variety of matrices, such as environment, food, and pharmaceuticals. For further reading, the analysts are referred to a more detailed discussion of these techniques in various textbooks and key references [3-7]. 

Abiotic transformation of contaminants in subsurface natural waters result mainly from hydrolysis or redox reactions and, to lesser extent, from photolysis reactions. Complexation with natnral or anthropogenic ligands, as well as differential volatilization of organic compounds from multicomponent hquids or mixing with toxic electrolyte aqueous solutions, may also lead to changes in contaminant properties and their environmental effects. Before presenting an overview of the reactions involved in contaminant transformations, we discuss the main chemical and environmental factors that control these processes. 

In Part 111 we cover that broad category of organic compounds called the carbonyls. First we give you an overview of Ccirbonyl basics, including structure, reactivity, and spectroscopy. Then we go into more detail on aldehydes and ketones, enols and enolates, and carboxylic acids and their derivatives. 

In several previous chapters, we have discussed element volatility. Here we focus on some of the most volatile constituents in meteorites - organic compounds, noble gases, and ices. Each of these actually constitutes a voluminous subject of its own in cosmochemistry, and we can only provide overviews of these interesting components. 

One of the major obstacles in bioremediation of soils contaminated with synthetic organic compounds is the failure of laboratory remediation schemes to simulate the impact of field soil conditions on both the contaminant and the microorganism (Rao et al., 1993)- The purpose of this chapter is to introduce those topics which must be considered in order to develop an effective bioremediation strategy for soils contaminated with organic pollutants. My emphasis is on providing a comprehensive overview of the complexity of the soil system as it relates to bioremediation. 

This comparison is only theoretical. In reality a high production of OH° can lead to a low reaction rate because the radicals recombine and are not useful for the oxidation process. Also not considerd are the effects of different inorganic and/or organic compounds in the water. Various models to calculate the actual OH-radical concentration can be found in the literature, some are described in Chapter B 5, Further information concerning the parameters which influence the concentration of hydroxyl radicals is given in Section B 4.4, as well as a short overview about the application of ozone in AOPs in Section B 6.2. 

ABSTRACT This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the sulfur-containing natural products that are non-sulfated and have been isolated from marine organisms. The overview covers the published literature from 1985 to 1999. A total of 482 compounds and 371 references are recorded. These secondary metabolites are organized in sections according to structural classifications by sulfur functional groups and by structural families of compounds. Comments on structural characterization, biogenesis, and biological activity have also been included. 

Identification and structure determination are often closely allied to the problem of separation. Once a compound is separated, how do we determine whether it is identical to some previously known compound (identification) or, if that can t be done, how do we determine its chemical structure The spectroscopic properties of molecules have proven to be extremely informative for both identification and structure determination and this chapter is mainly concerned with the application of spectroscopy for such purposes. We will give you now an overview of the spectroscopic properties of the major classes of organic compounds. In subsequent chapters, spectroscopic properties will be discussed in the context of the class of compounds under consideration. 

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