Organic chemistry alcohols

The central position of alcohols in organic chemistry. Alcohols can be prepared from, and converted into, many other kinds of compounds. 

The function of a substance is its chemical character and rela-i ionship, and indicates certain general properties, reactions and decompositions which all substances possessing the same function possess or undergo alike. Thus, in mineral chemistry we have adds, bases, and salts in organic chemistry alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, etliers, etc. 

Amines. In former days (of type theories in organic chemistry), alcohols had been conceived of as mono-alkylated water, and amines as alkylated ammonia. Many properties of these two classes of compounds can indeed be explained that... 

In organic chemistry the term is used to describe the conversion of an ester to an acid and an alcohol (saponification), the addition of the elements of water to a molecule, e.g. the conversion of a nitrile to an amide... 

The alkali metal tetrahydridoborates are salts those of sodium and potassium are stable in aqueous solution, but yield hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. They are excellent reducing agents, reducing for example ion(III) to iron(II). and silver ions to the metal their reducing power is used in organic chemistry, for example to reduce aldehydes to alcohols. They can undergo metathetic reactions to produce other borohydrides, for example... 

Absolute ethyl alcohol. Ethyl alcohol of a high degree of purity is frequently required in preparative organic chemistry. For some purposes alcohol of ca. 99 -5 per cent, purity is satisfactory this grade may be purchased (the absolute alcohol of commerce), or it may be conveniently prepared by the dehydration of rectified spirit with quicklime. Rectified spirit is the constant boiling point mixture which ethyl alcohol forms with water, and usually contains 95 6 per cent, of alcohol by weight. Wherever the term rectified spirit is used in this book, approximately 95 per cent, ethyl alcohol is to be understood. 

Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Iodides, and thyroxine which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and as a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. 

Thionyl chloride and phosphorus tribromide are specialized reagents used to bring about particular functional group transformations For this reason we won t present the mechanisms by which they convert alcohols to alkyl halides but instead will limit our selves to those mechanisms that have broad applicability and enhance our knowledge of fundamental principles In those instances you will find that a mechanistic understand mg IS of great help m organizing the reaction types of organic chemistry... 

Deuterium oxide (D2O) is water in which the protons ( H) have been replaced by their heav ler isotope deuterium ( H) It is readily available and is used in a vanety of mechanistic studies in organic chemistry and biochemistry When D2O is added to an alcohol (ROH) deuterium replaces the proton of the hydroxyl group... 

An ability to form carbon-carbon bonds is fundamental to organic synthesis The addition of Grignard reagents to aldehydes and ketones is one of the most frequently used reactions m synthetic organic chemistry Not only does it permit the extension of carbon chains but because the product is an alcohol a wide variety of subsequent func tional group transformations is possible... 

The next several chapters deal with the chemistry of various oxygen containing func tional groups The interplay of these important classes of compounds—alcohols ethers aldehydes ketones carboxylic acids and derivatives of carboxylic acids— IS fundamental to organic chemistry and biochemistry... 

The mechanisms by which transition metal oxidizing agents convert alcohols to aldehydes and ketones are complicated with respect to their inorganic chemistry The organic chemistry is clearer and one possible mechanism is outlined m Figure 15 4 The... 

Carey Organic Chemistry I 15 Alcohols Diels and Fifth Edition Thiols... 

This reaction is simply the reverse of the reaction by which acetals are formed—acetal formation is favored by excess alcohol acetal hydrolysis by excess water Acetal for matron and acetal hydrolysis share the same mechanistic pathway but travel along that pathway m opposite directions In the following section you 11 see a clever way m which acetal formation and hydrolysis have been applied to synthetic organic chemistry... 

Environmental Considerations. Environmental problems in Ziegler chemistry alcohol processes are not severe. A small quantity of aluminum alkyl wastes is usually produced and represents the most significant disposal problem. It can be handled by controlled hydrolysis and separate disposal of the aqueous and organic streams. Organic by-products produced in chain growth and hydrolysis can be cleanly burned. Wastewater streams must be monitored for dissolved carbon, such as short-chain alcohols, and treated conventionally when necessary. 

In general, peroxomonosulfates have fewer uses in organic chemistry than peroxodisulfates. However, the triple salt is used for oxidizing ketones (qv) to dioxiranes (7) (71,72), which in turn are useful oxidants in organic chemistry. Acetone in water is oxidized by triple salt to dimethyldioxirane, which in turn oxidizes alkenes to epoxides, polycycHc aromatic hydrocarbons to oxides and diones, amines to nitro compounds, sulfides to sulfoxides, phosphines to phosphine oxides, and alkanes to alcohols or carbonyl compounds. 

Addition of sodium dithionite to formaldehyde yields the sodium salt of hydroxymethanesulfinic acid [79-25-4] H0CH2S02Na, which retains the useful reducing character of the sodium dithionite although somewhat attenuated in reactivity. The most important organic chemistry of sodium dithionite involves its use in reducing dyes, eg, anthraquinone vat dyes, sulfur dyes, and indigo, to their soluble leuco forms (see Dyes, anthraquinone). Dithionite can reduce various chromophores that are not reduced by sulfite. Dithionite can be used for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols (348). Quantitative studies have been made of the reduction potential of dithionite as a function of pH and the concentration of other salts (349,350). 

The choice of which reactions to include is not an easy one. First there are the well known "Name Reactions", that have appeared in various monographs or in the old Merck index. Some of these are so obvious mechanistically to the modern organic chemistry practitioner that we have in fact omitted them for instance esterification of alcohols with acid chlorides - the Schotten-Baumann procedure. Others are so important and so well entrenched by name, like the Baeyer-Villiger ketone oxidation, that it is impossible to ignore them. In general we have kept older name reactions that are not obvious at first glance. 

See also C. B. Reese, Protection of Alcoholic Hydroxyl Groups and Glycol Systems, in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, J. F. W. McOmie, Ed., Plenum, New York and London, 1973, pp. 95-143 H. M. Flowers, Protection of the Hydroxyl Group, in The Chemistry of the Hydroxyl Group, S. Patai, Ed., Wiley-Interscience,... 

A vast variety of perfluoroalkanesulfonic esters are known, and their application in synthetic organic chemistry is increasing rapidly (for a comprehensive review, see reference 66) These compounds are readily available by the reaction of organic halides with silver perfluoroalkanesulfonate or by the reaction of an alcohol with the corresponding perfluoroalkanesulfonic anhydride or chloride Alkyl per-fluoroalkanesulfonates are powerful alkylating reagents because of the excellent... 

Carey Organic Chemistry, I 4. Alcohols and Alkyl Fifth Edition Halides... 

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