Organic arsenicals listed

Using the same reasoning it should also be recognized that drug arsenicals could have potential toxic effects on the cardiovascular system which may result in ECG abnormalities and arrhythmias . Organic arsenicals have been listed among the drugs that may cause polyarteritis . 

There is an extensive literature on the chemistry of As, Sb, and Bi in addition to recent editions of standard textbooks, there is a book edited by Norman, which includes a chapter devoted to the coordination chemistry of these elements, as well as the article by McAuliffe in Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry (CCC, 1987). The vast organic chemistry of these elements falls outside the scope of the present chapter. Sources providing recent coverage of the organic chemistry include chapters by Wardell, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry I and II, a volume in the Patai series The Chemistry of Organic Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth Compounds), and chapters in Norman s book. These texts also list many reviews on specific classes of organo-derivatives. 

Economic Aspects. The production of ethyl ether from 1956 through 1973 ranged from 29.5 to 48.6 x 10 kg as reported by Synthetic Organic Chemicals, U.S. Production and Sales. Production was estimated at 13.6-18 X 10 kg in 1986, 12.7 X 10 kg in 1989. Though 1990 U.S. production capacity was estimated at 25.5 x 10 kg, production was estimated as only 12 x 10 kg in 1991 (21). Much of the decrease has been the result of a decline in arsenal demand (smokeless gun powder). List prices for ether have been steadily increasing, and reached 1.12/kg by 1989, refined, tanks (fob). 

To be useful as CVD precursors, a metallo-organic compound should be stable at room temperature so that its storage and transfer are not a problem. It should also decompose readily at low temperature, i.e., below 500°C. The compounds listed in Table 4.1 meet these conditions with the exception of the alkyls of arsenic and phosphorus, which decompose at higher temperatures. For that reason, the hydrides of arsenic and phosphorus are often preferred as CVD precursors (see Ch. 3). These hydrides however are extremely toxic and environmental considerations may restrict their use. 

As this table suggests, the environmental hazard posed by heavy metals varies significantly. Some of the elements listed in that chart are among the most hazardous substances released to the environment. The EPA has classified four of the heavy metals—arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium—among the top 25 most hazardous chemicals present in the environment in the United States. (Of the remaining substances on that list 18 are toxic organic chemicals one is another heavy metal, chromium one is white phosphorus and the last is creosote produced from coal tar.)... 

List of abbreviations BOD, biological oxygen demand CA, chloroanisol CCA, copper-chromate-arsenate CP, chlorophenol 2,4-D, dichlorophenoxyacetic acid DCP, dichlorophenol CFSTR, continuous-flow stirred tank reactor FBBR, fluidized-bed biofilm reactor MCP, monochlorophenol NAPL, non-aqueous phase liquid PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PCPP, polychlorinated phenoxyphenol PCDF, polychlorinated dibenzofuran PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzodioxin PCR, polymerase chain reaction PCP, pentachlorophenol PCA, pentachloroanisole TeCP, tetrachlorophenol TeCA, tetrachloroanisole TCC, trichlorocatechol TCP, trichlorophenol TOC, total organic carbon 2,4,5-T, trichlorophenoxyacetic acid UASB, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor VSS, volatile suspended solids. 

Table 3.8 lists the arsenic concentrations of different types of marine and estuary sediments from various locations. Overall, low organic-carbon carbonate muds, oxidizing sands, and coarser-grained sediments have relatively little arsenic. In contrast, reducing marine sediments may contain as much as 3000 mg kg-1 of arsenic (Mandal and Suzuki, 2002), 202. Arsenic also tends to be enriched in fine-grained silicate-rich sediments, such as deep-sea clays and marine muds. In most cases, arsenic-rich sediments contain abundant arsenic-accumulating (oxy)(hydr)oxides, organic matter, or sulfides. 

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